Blust's
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary

Cognate Sets

 a    b    c    C    d    e    g    h    i    k    l    m    n    N    ñ    ŋ    o    p    q    r    R    s    S    t    u    w    z   

*n   

ne    ni    nu    

*-na 3p deixis and spatio-temporal reference: that 3655 PAN     *-na 3p deixis and spatio-temporal reference: that, there, then Formosan Kanakanabu saː-na there (yonder) Amis o-na this WMP Bontok na this; here; now Long Wat nah there CMP Ngadha ke-na that OC Wuvulu fe-na that Tongan na that, those, esp. near you Samoan le-nā that Anuta e-na that, there 3656 PMP     *i-na that, there WMP Agta s-ina there (2p) Ifugaw h-iná that, there (2p) Casiguran Dumagat ina that, there (2p) Bisaya Bukit ino that   d-ino there Bario Kelabit ineh that Long Wat inah that Long Anap ina that   d-ina there (location)   k-ina there (direction) Bintulu ineh that (3p)   d-ineh there (location)   t-ineh there (direction) Lampung ino that CMP Rembong ina that (2p); then Li'o ina this Watubela ine <A that Koiwai ina this OC Motu ina this Mbula ina that (anaphoric) Dobuan n-ina that Chuukese ina there it is (by you) Nguna wa-ina that (distant) 3657 PWMP     *sa-na there WMP Bontok sána that one, close to hearer; there, close to hearer Kankanaey sána that; there, thither. What is near the person one speaks to; demonstrative and adverb of place Malay sana yonder; over there; yon Note:   Also Aklanon ináʔ 'there (2p)', Samihim inaʔ 'this', with presumably secondary final glottal stop.

*-nan that 3646 PWMP     *-nan that WMP Murik inan that one Sarikei inan idun there 3647 PWMP     *a-nan that WMP Maranao anan that Long Atip anan that

*-ni 1pl deixis and spatio-temporal reference: this 3677 PAN     *-ni 1pl deixis and spatio-temporal reference: this; here; now Formosan Taroko nii here, now, this WMP Bisaya Bukit nih that Long Jegan nay that Long Terawan nih that (sp) Malagasy (Merina) ito-ny this CMP Adonara ni this OC Duke of York ni this Tongan ni this, these; now 3678 PAN     *di-ni here Formosan Taroko d-nii the group here Pazeh di-ni here WMP Tagalog diní here Mamanwa dini here Koronadal Bilaan dini here Long Anap d-ini here (= 'at here'; cp. k-ini 'to here') 3679 PAN     *i-ni this, here Formosan Saisiyat h-ini this, here Pazeh im-ini this Rukai (Budai) ku-ini that (near hearer) Rukai (Tona) ak-ini that (near hearer) Proto-Puyuma *ini this Amis ini here, near at hand WMP Kapampangan iní this Bikol iní this, these Palawan Batak ini here Hiligaynon iní this Cebuano (dialectal) íni be here Maranao ini this, these Kalagan ini this, here Bario Kelabit inih this Kenyah ini this Malagasy (Merina) iny that, this. It is always used of something thoroughly known to both speaker and spoken to Malay ini demonstrative suggesting precision or nearness Sundanese ini this Sasak ini this Sangir ini this, these Muna ini this Chamorro guini here, in this place CMP Fordat ini this; here OC Nggela ini these Sa'a ini that Arosi ini this; here Marshallese in this 3680 PAN     *ia-ni this; here Formosan Atayal iani this; here; now WMP Mansaka yani this Malagasy (Merina) izany that; this; these OC Nggela iani here; like this Anuta ie-ni here, in this place 3681 PWMP     *ka-i-ni now (?) WMP Bikol ka-iní this, these Cebuano kiní this Subanun (Sindangan) k-ini this Bario Kelabit kinih now; this way Kenyah k-ini in this place Long Anap k-ini here (= 'to here') Malay kini, ka-ini this; thus; thus far; now 3682 PAN     *qani this; here Formosan Atayal qani this, these; here WMP Kayan (Uma Juman) anih this Malagasy (Merina) ány there (distant and unseen) 3683 PWMP     *si-ni here WMP Aborlan Tagbanwa s-ini here Kayan (Uma Juman) hini-h here Malay sini here; this way; this place Sangil s-ini here Note:   Also Proto-Puyuma *kani 'here', Tsou, Kisar, Nggela eni 'this' (all form *ia-ni with sporadic contraction?), Numfor ine 'these; this', Wuvulu feni 'this'. Chamorro ini 'this (demonstrative pronoun)' appears to reflect *qini, but may show irregular resistance to gw-epenthesis which is motivated by a need to distinguish the demonstrative and adverbial senses of earlier *i-ni. Proto-Puyuma *kani 'here' may reflect *ka-ni, a form that was identical to *ka-i-ni, without the generic locative marker *i, and *si-ni may derive form *sa 'nonfocus marker of location' plus *i-ni.

*-nuh marker of uncertainty 3687 PAN     *-nuh marker of uncertainty Formosan Seediq ma-nu what, which? (much used relative or interrogative pronoun) Thao mi-nu why? Favorlang sban-no when? Siraya hi-no where?   man-no when? WMP Itbayaten di-no-h where, wherever, at which place? Agta e-nu what? Ibanag so-nu anni when? Balangao he-no who? Bayninan Ifugaw ŋa-nu what? Kapampangan ní-nu who? Kalamian Tagbanwa sa-nu pa when?   ti-nu pa who? Palawan Batak saʔ-nu when?   u-nu what? Mamanwa o-no sa what? Dibabawon Manobo kaga-nu when? Taosug u-nuh what?   haʔu-nuh when? Banggi o-nu what? Ida'an Begak nu what?   nu kidan when (future)? Dalat Melanau (Kampung Kekan) new what? Kayan (Uma Juman) hi-noʔ where? Malay nu that there; yon (Kedah) Kaidipang ṛoo-nu when? 3688 PMP     *a-nuh thing whose name is unknown, avoided, or cannot be remembered: what? WMP Bontok ano-ka an empty form substituting in any form class when the normal form is inappropriate or when it cannot be recalled; what's-it; what-you-may-call-it Ifugaw a-nu-ká thing ... may be used in the sense of adultery in the case that the speaker avoids using the real word Amganad Ifugaw a-nú-na when? Itneg (Binongan) a-no what? Tagalog a-nó what? Bikol a-nó what Aklanon a-nó(h) what?; do what? (particle that can be used as any part of speech) Hiligaynon a-nú what? Cebuano (dialectal) a-nú what? Aborlan Tagbanwa a-nu whatchamacallit Sangil a-nu-i whatchamacallit Samal a-nu whatchamacallit Kayan a-noʔ which?; the one that Murik a-noʔ which, which one; thing mentioned Bintulu a-new thing mentioned, whatchamacallit   a-new ineh what?   a-new nasek clothing Ngaju Dayak a-nu a certain (person, etc.) Malagasy (Merina) á-no-na such a one, such a thing, so-and-so Iban a-nuʔ some(thing), i.e. not specified Malay a-nu So-and-So-, such-and-such Moken a-no-ŋ what Acehnese a-nò whatchamacallit, a certain, someone, something that one does not want to, or cannot name Karo Batak a-nu indefinite pronoun, a certain; indicating for a person whose name one doesn't know, or doesn't want to say Sundanese a-nu relative pronoun: this, that, which, that which, what; he/she who Old Javanese a-nu someone (something, somewhere) or other, So-and-So, What's the name, you-know-who (-what, -where)   aŋ-a-nu do something or other, do you-know-what   a-nu-ŋ something that ... In practice it is comparable to ikaŋ: who, which; or (a)siŋ: whoever, whatever Javanese a-nu um, uh (representing a pause to collect one's thoughts); substitution for a word that has slipped the mind; expressing vagueness rather than definiteness; sex organ (euphemistic) Balinese a-nu one, a certain one'; di dina anu 'on a certain day   a-nu-n (preceding a personal name) the one belonging to, that of   uman tyaŋé limaŋ anun i raka the field of me (is) five (times) that of I Raka Sasak a-nuʔ indefinite pronoun (something); used to form possessive pronouns; used also for the genitalia; do something with someone Sangir a-nu indefinite pronoun: whatchamacallit, word used to indicate something for which one will not or cannot use the proper name Tontemboan a-nu word used to indicate something indefinite, used both for persons and for things; thing, whatchamacallit   u-a-nu a demonstrative word, connected with something that has not yet been named, but which presently shall be named, a certain someone, also used to indicate possession Kaidipang a-nu-ko what? Bolaang Mongondow o-nu what, which, how? Uma a-nu whatchamacallit; possessions   meʔ-anu do something (unstated) Bare'e a-nu indefinite pronoun, word used to indicate something for which one will not or cannot use the proper name Wolio a-nu property Chamorro am-anu where, which?   m-anu which, whichever? 3689 PWMP     *maŋ-anu do such-and-such (action unspecified) WMP Malagasy (Merina) man-àno-na literally to "so-and-so" anything Old Javanese aŋ-anu do something or other, do you-know-what Sangir maŋ-anu verb which can be used as an indefinite substitute for any other verb Bolaang Mongondow moŋ-onu what are you doing?; why? 3690 PWMP     *sa-anu (gloss uncertain) WMP Old Javanese s-ānu being connected with something, or in some way possessing something Tontemboan sa-anu perhaps 3691 PPh     *i-anuh, si-anuh person whose name is avoided or cannot be remembered: So-and-so WMP Itneg (Binongan) si-ano who? Malagasy (Merina) i-àno-na what's-his-name Iban s-anuʔ So-and-so Malay si anu So-and-So Karo Batak si anu So-and-So Toba Batak si anu So-and-So, name of someone whom one does not wish to, or cannot name Balinese i anu So-and-So, an unknown and unnamed person 3692 POC     *sanu person whose name is avoided or cannot be remembered: So-and-so OC Roviana sanu a term used instead of a particular name--- So-and-so Cheke Holo hanu word used to replace a taboo word or name Bugotu hanu thing   a hanu the person, he who Nggela hanu indefinite pronoun. Replaces an unremembered name of a person or thing. Someone, so-and-so; do so and so, thus, in such a way   a hanu what's his name!   na hanu the thing whose name I can't remember 3693 PWMP     *in-anu to have had something done with it WMP Bikol daʔí in-anó intact, untouched Old Javanese in-anu do something or other, do you-know-what 3694 PMP     *a-nuh-ku my unnamed thing: mine WMP Kayan anu-k mine Sasak anuʔ ku mine Sangir anu-ku mine   i anu-ku my friend (male or female) Tontemboan anu-ku mine Wolio o anu-ku mine 3695 POC     *anu-ku my unnamed thing: mine OC Label anu-k mine 3696 PMP     *a-nuh-mu your unnamed thing: yours WMP Kayan anu-m yours Sasak [anuʔ da yours] Sangir anu-m yours Tontemboan anu-mu yours Wolio o anu-mu yours 3697 POC     *anu-mu your unnamed thing: yours OC Label anu-m mine 3698 PMP     *a-nuh-ni a his/her unnamed thing: his/hers WMP Kayan anu-n naʔ his/hers Sundanese anu-na his, hers Sasak anuʔ nia his/hers Sangir anu-ne his/hers Tontemboan anu-na his/hers Wolio o anu-na his/hers/theirs 3699 POC     *anu-ña his/her unnamed thing: his/hers OC Label anu-na his/hers 3700 PAN     *i-nu place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where? Formosan Atayal i-nu where, anywhere? Seediq i-no where? (especially interrogative) Saisiyat ha-ino where? Paiwan inu where? WMP Binukid inu what, which Long Anap i-nu what? Mukah Melanau uaʔ i-new what? 3701 PAN     *ka-nu interrogative; probably 'when?' Formosan Saisiyat ka-no what? 3702 PMP     *ka-nu when? WMP Agta ka-nu when? Ilokano [ka-anó when?] Bikol ka-anóáno what is the relationship to? Kalagan ka-nu when?   kinu-nu when? (future) Mansaka a-ka-nu when? (past) Sarangani Manobo ka-no when? Samal ka-nu when? Kaidipang [ka-anu-ko where?] 3703 PAN     *na-nu what(?) Formosan Atayal na-nu why, anyhow, what, anything, to do what? Kanakanabu na-nu where? (Ferrell 1969) WMP Aklanon ná-no what (noun form only) Subanun na-nu when? 3704 PPh     *si-nuh person whose name is unknown, avoided or cannot be remembered: who? WMP Yami si-nu who? Itbayaten si-no who? Bontok sí-no who; what? Kankanaey si-nó who?, which?, what? Ilokano si-nnó who? Kalinga (Guinaang) si-nu who? Botolan Sambal hi-no who? Tagalog sí-no who?   sí-no man anyone, whoever Subanun (Siocon) si-nu who? 3705 PPh     *anu-en how? In what way? WMP Ilokano an-ano-én how? what is the use of? Hiligaynon anu-un become, do with Bolaang Mongondow onu-on what must be done? 3706 PPh     *anu-anu thing of uncertainty WMP Ilokano an-ano-én How? What is the use of? What can (I, etc.) do with? Bikol mag-ka-anó-áno be related to each other in what way? Malagasy (Merina) ano ano praise, blessing; a guess, anything done at random Javanese anu anu otherwise; had something happened Wolio anu anu deride, mock, ridicule Note:   Also Tsou ánʔo 'where is?', Itbayaten sinoh 'who?', Bontok annoka 'an empty form substituting in any form class when the normal form is inappropriate or when it cannot be recalled; what's-it; what-you-may-call-it', Aklanon kánʔo 'when (in the past)?', Aklanon sínʔo 'who?, whom?', Mamanwa sinʔo 'who?', Western Bukidnon Manobo me-nu 'how? what?', Tontemboan ma-anu 'have sex with a woman'. Philippine forms such as Itbayaten sinoh and Aklanon sinʔuh suggest *-nuh, but the final consonant is not supported by Atayal, Saisiyat or other Formosan languages. It is unclear whether this morpheme could occur in isolation in PAn, since such reflexes as Dalat Melanau (Kampung Kekan) new 'what?' could be products of secondary reduction. *-nuh was a formative in many interrogative words, but apparently was not an interrogative marker itself, as there is no comparative evidence that it could be used to transform declarative into interrogative expressions. Rather, it is perhaps most accurately characterized as a marker of uncertainty or deliberate obscurity. For the morphological parallel of *maŋ- + 'what?' = 'why?' cp. Bolaang Mongondow moŋ-onu and Malay meŋ-apa 'why?'.

*na determiner; article 3653 PMP     *na determiner; article WMP Malagasy (Merina) ny article: the CMP Kambera na an article: the, a OC Arosi na article with common nouns, used with subject rather than object Fijian na the common article: the, a

*na linker marking emphatic attribution 3654 PAN     *na linker marking emphatic attribution Formosan Thao na linker between heads and attributes used to signal emphatic attribution (in contrast with a, linker between heads and attributer used to signal neutral or unmarked attribution) WMP Tagalog na linker between heads and attributes: ma-tákaw na táo 'a greedy person' = 'greedy LINK person' (Schachter and Otanes 1972:118) Bikol na grammatical linker used in adjectival phrases; grammatical connector equivalent to 'that' Toba Batak na relative pronoun, often used to give emphasis (van der Tuuk 1971 [1864-1867]:369); attributive preposition linking a nominal head with an attributive adjective, verb, numeral, or a phrase : hau na tibbo tall tree = tree LINK tall, halak na modom the sleeping man = man LINK sleep, dakdanak na dua i the two children = children LINK two DEICTIC, halak na manuhor bukku the man who bought the book = man LINK buy book, jabu na di huta the house in the village = house LINK PREP village (Nababan 1981:81) OC Raluana na definite and indefinite article, the, a, an: a kat na bul 'a fine child' Note:   Both *a and *na must be reconstructed as linkers between PAn nominal heads and their lexical or phrasal attributes. The question naturally arises what relationship these forms had. In some attested languages (Tagalog, Bikol) na is one of two phonologically conditioned allomorphs of a single morpheme, and it is conceivable that a similar relationship existed for PAn *a and *na. What is striking about the distribution of these forms is that outside Taiwan reflexes have never been reported in the same language (thus some languages reflect *a, while others reflect *na). However, in Thao of central Taiwan reflexes of both *a and *na are found as fully functional linkers. While native speakers insist that a and na are 'the same', grammaticality judgements for phrases which contain one or the other particle show that they are not fully interchangeable. In a handful of critical examples it is reasonably clear that a signals what might be called 'neutral' or 'unmarked' attribution (e.g. ma-tubu a saran 'a wet road' = 'wet LINK road', while na signals what might be called 'contrastive' or 'emphatic' attribution (e.g. Q: 'which road did you come on?', A: ma-tubu na saran 'the WET road'). Since van der Tuuk (1971 [1864-1867]) also treats the Toba Batak linker or relativizer na as an 'emphasizer' it appears likely that the situation in Thao is conservative, reflecting a PAn distinction which has been lost in almost all other Austronesian languages.

*nabuq, ka-nabuq to fall 3640 PMP     *nabuq, ka-nabuq to fall [doublet: *dabuq, labuq] WMP Kapampangan nabúʔ to fall Kalamansig Cotabato Manobo nabuʔ to fall Uma nawuʔ to fall CMP Kambera ka-nabu to fall Kemak me-nahu to fall

*nakaw steal 3643 PMP     *nakaw steal [doublet: *Cakaw] WMP Kapampangan náko steal Tagalog nákaw stolen, pilfered; thing stolen or pilfered CMP Ngadha naka steal; secret, clandestine, illicit, illegal Li'o naka steal Savu naʔo steal Rotinese nako steal Tetun naʔo-k steal Proto-Ambon *nakaw steal

*namaw sheltered water: deep place in a river; cove 3645 PMP     *namaw sheltered water: deep place in a river; cove, harbor, lagoon WMP Casiguran Dumagat namaw coral reef Palauan lemáu small, deep spot within shallow area inside reef Karo Batak namo deep place in a river, generally where it makes a bend and the water moves slowly (common in place names) CMP Tetun namo-n bay, harbor Yamdena name deep sea channel in the reef Buru nama level stretch in a stream's course; cove, bay, harbor Proto-Ambon *nama(w) bay, harbor OC Ponapean nahmw deep place within the barrier reef; lagoon Arosi namo a landlocked, shallow lagoon near the shore Lau namo the lagoon inside a reef, near the reef (the deep) pools towards the shore Kwaio namo lake, pool, deep place in river Tongan namo lagoon Niue namo lake, pond Note:   Mills (1981) posits PAn *namaw, but cites only Central Malayo-Polynesian and Oceanic witnesses.

*naŋa₁ estuary, mouth of a river 3658 PMP     *naŋa₁ estuary, mouth of a river [doublet: *minaŋa, binaŋa] WMP Ma'anyan naŋe river mouth CMP Manggarai naŋa estuary, coast, beach, anchorage Ngadha naŋa bay, marine estuary, harbor Buru naŋa-n (esp. a river's) mouth

*naŋa₂ kind of thick rattan 3659 PMP     *naŋa₂ kind of thick rattan WMP Casiguran Dumagat naŋa species of rattan Calamus usitatus (leaves are used for roofing) Maranao naŋa hard rattan Tiruray noŋo a rattan: Calamus sp. Sangir ue naŋa rattan sp. Bolaang Mongondow naŋa kind of very thick rattan CMP Manggarai naŋa kind of large rattan Note:   Also Kayan naŋaʔ 'wild sago palm'.

*naŋuy to swim 3660 PAN     *naŋuy to swim [doublet: *daŋuy, laŋuy] Formosan Kavalan m-naŋuy to swim CMP Proto-Ambon *naŋu to swim Kei naŋ to swim Note:   For the forms that I assign to *laŋuy and to *naŋuy, Dahl (1976:131) proposes a single prototype *ɬaŋuy 'swim'. Next to this etymon he also reconstructs *ɬ[eu]suŋ 'rice mortar'. However, Stresemann (1927) posited Proto-Ambon *lesuŋ, and Sarangani Manobo has lesuŋ 'rice mortar', with different initials in each case than the words for 'swim'. These and other contradictions in Dahl's proposal can be resolved through the reconstruction of variants *daŋuy, *laŋuy, and *naŋuy 'swim'.

*nara a tree: Pterocarpus indica 3649 PMP     *nara a tree: Pterocarpus indica [doublet: *naRa] WMP Ilokano narrá leguminous trees with yellow flowers and orbicular pods which yield a valuable timber for construction, etc.: Pterocarpus spp. Bikol nára a tree: Pterocarpus spp. Maranao nara a tree: Pterocarpus indica Tiruray nara a tree: Pterocarpus indica CMP Manggarai nara a tree: Pterocarpus indicus Bimanese nara tree from which the aŋsana wood comes (Pterocarpus indicus) OC Motu nara a tree: Pterocarpus indicus

*naRa a tree: Pterocarpus indica 3648 PMP     *naRa a tree: Pterocarpus indica [doublet: *nara] WMP Tagalog nága species of the narra-tree family Cebuano nága large forest tree yielding a hard, red wood, highly prized for furniture-making: Pterocarpus indicus Palauan las a timber tree: Pterocarpus indicus (L.) CMP Rotinese na tree with red wood: Pterocarpus indica Note:   Also Tagalog, Cebuano nára same gloss. The reconstruction of *naRa as a doublet rather than as a disjunct of *nara is dependent on the still only weakly supported assumption that Palauan and Rotinese reflect *R differently from *r.

*nasuk, Nasu cook by boiling 3650 PAN     *nasuk, Nasu cook by boiling Formosan Paiwan pi-natuk to boil   ł-m-atu to boil (meat)   ma-łatu become boiled (meat) WMP Bario Kelabit nauk bubbling, starting to boil Uma -nahu cook (in water) Tae' nasu cook, cooked CMP Rotinese nasu boil in water, cook Tetun nasu cooking of meat, vegetables, etc. OC Gedaged naik cooking, boiling Motu nadu-a cook by boiling Selau nas cook Note:   Mills (1981) suggests 'Proto-Indonesian' *nasu( ) 'to cook'; he cites no Formosan cognates.

*nati young of animals 3651 PMP     *nati young of animals WMP Cebuano nati young of a pasture animal: calf or kid Maranao nati calf Western Bukidnon Manobo nati young horse, carabao or cow OC Raluana nati-na the young of animals Note:   Evidently distinct from PMP *ñatu(q) 'ovary, egg, baby bird'.

*neknek gnat, sandfly, fruit fly 3661 PMP     *neknek gnat, sandfly, fruit fly [doublet: *niknik, ñikñik] WMP Bikol nuknók gnat, fruit fly OC Arosi nono a fly   nono iasi sandfly, midge Sa'a nono äsi midge, sandfly Tongan nono fruit fly Niue nono small beetle Rennellese nono kind of small fly, as on rotten bananas

*nemnem think 3662 PAN     *nemnem think [doublet: *demdem] Formosan Paiwan ki-nemnem think, cogitate, pay close attention to WMP Kankanaey nemném intellect, intelligence, reason; thought, idea, mind; memory, imagination Ilokano nemném dissimulate, dissemble, refrain from divulging one's thoughts, keep silent   pa-nemnem-én consider, fix the mind on, think on Ilongot nɨmnɨm to think (Rosaldo 1980) OC Mota nonom to think Note:   Also Fordat nanaŋ 'remember, remember sadly', Toak nenem-i 'think'. Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *nemnem 'think, remember'.

*neŋneŋ stare, look fixedly 3665 PWMP     *neŋneŋ stare, look fixedly [doublet: *teŋteŋ] WMP Casiguran Dumagat neŋneŋ to stare (of the staring of an infant at what is before it) Maranao neneŋ see, discern with the eye Balinese neŋneŋ gaze, stare at Note:   Also Maranao neŋ 'observe by sight; sight'.

*neRab yesterday 3663 PMP     *neRab yesterday WMP Bantik ka-nehab-aʔ yesterday OC Selau norwa yesterday Nggela nola yesterday Sa'a no-nola yesterday Mota ana-nora yesterday Fijian e na noa yesterday Note:   Also Chamorro nigap, Palauan e-líseb (< earlier *niRab) 'yesterday'. The retention of the final consonant in POc is confirmed by Selau norwa, while Duke of York narap 'before, formerly', Butmas (New Hebrides) narap 'yesterday' suggest a POc doublet *naRap. Bugotu i-ñotha 'yesterday' presumably results from sporadic palatalization.

*niket sticky, adhesive 3667 PMP     *niket sticky, adhesive [doublet: *ña(ŋ)ket] WMP Isneg níkat resin; a herbaceous vine that grows in forests: its sticky fruits are pounded for birdlime Kankanaey níket resin CMP Manggarai niket mushy (of rice, etc.), thick (of liquids), viscous, sticky (as gruel) Note:   With root PAn *-keC, PMP *-ket 'adhesive, sticky'. Casiguran Dumagat niket 'honey (archaic)' can reflect either *ña(ŋ)ket or *niket.

*niknik, ñikñik tiny biting insect: gnat, sandfly 3668 PMP     *niknik, ñikñik tiny biting insect: gnat, sandfly WMP Kapampangan nikník a tiny insect (gnat?) Tagalog niknik tiny blood-sucking insect Lampung ñeñik mosquito Balinese ñiñik tiny mosquitoes that fly in swarms Sasak ñiñik tobacco louse CMP Rotinese ninik mosquito Savu nini very small kind of midge Yamdena ninik midge, mosquito SHWNG Waropen nini midge, mosquito OC Seimat nini bee 'Are'are nini-sua kind of bee Sa'a nini-ho hornet Note:   Also Bikol núknúk 'gnat', Bisaya Bukit keliah niniʔ 'sandfly'.

*nilaw bright light 3669 PMP     *nilaw bright light WMP Toba Batak nilo shine, glitter CMP Bimanese lino <M smooth, shiny Sika nilo to shine, of a lamp, the moon, etc. Note:   With root *-law 'dazzling light'.

*ninih shake, tremble, rock 3670 PMP     *ninih shake, tremble, rock WMP Itbayaten ninih earthquake CMP Paulohi ma-nini shudder, shiver OC Gedaged nini swing, oscillate, shake, rock Fijian nini tremble, quake with fear or anger Note:   Also Sundanese lini 'earthquake', li-lini-ɨn '(of the body) shake, tremble, quake'.

*niniq plant sp.: Donax canniformis, used as 3671 PMP     *niniq plant sp.: Donax canniformis, used as material for making baskets WMP Yami nini Donax cannaeformis (plant used to make karapal, or flat basket) (Kano and Segawa:386) Itbayaten nini sp. of plant (Marantaceae, Donax cannaeformis Schum.), a sp. of reed family CMP Manggarai nini kind of plant material used in basket-making: Donax canniformis Rembong niniʔ a plant: Donax canniformis OC Nggela nini sp. of bush used in wristlets Lau nini sp. of shrub; stems used in thatching Note:   Verheijen (1984), following an earlier suggestion of mine, gives PCEMP *niniq 'Donax canniformis'. The Philippine forms reported here justify an attribution to PMP. Verheijen (1984) reports Rembong niniʔ, but this form does not appear in Verheijen (1977).

*niŋal echo 3684 PMP     *niŋal echo WMP Bikol ani-niŋal echo Hanunóo a-niŋal echo CMP Asilulu niŋal echo Note:   This word probably took the *qali-, *kali- prefix.

*niŋniŋ clear, of water 3685 PMP     *niŋniŋ clear, of water WMP Tagalog niŋníŋ brilliance, sparkle CMP Soboyo ma-niniŋ clear, of water Note:   Also Javanese niŋ, beniŋ 'bright, clear', Balinese niŋ 'clear, pure', yēh niŋ 'clear water'.

*nipay snake 3672 PMP     *nipay snake WMP Maranao nipai snake, serpent Karo Batak nipe snake CMP Ngadha nipa large snake   nipa téé centipede, millipede Fordat nifa snake Yamdena nife kind of large snake Paulohi nifa snake   nifa nitu centipede, millipede Proto-Sub-Ambon *nipa(y) snake

*niRab yesterday 3673 PWMP     *niRab yesterday [doublet: *neRab] WMP Kadazan ko-niab yesterday Limbang Bisaya ke-niab *R > Ø sporadic yesterday Palauan e-líseb yesterday Chamorro nigap yesterday Note:   Also Kavalan siːRab 'yesterday'.

*ni(n)tuq a fern: Lygodium spp. 3686 PMP     *ni(n)tuq a fern: Lygodium spp. WMP Tagalog nítoʔ sp. of forest vine with strong fibers used for hatmaking, basketmaking, etc. Bikol nítoʔ black fern Hanunóo nítuʔ a climbing fern (Lygodium circinnatum Swartz); the twining, vinelike dark stems are used extensively in basketry overlay work CMP Rembong nintuʔ kind of fern: Lygodium circinnatum Ngadha nitu tree sp. Note:   Also Palauan ŋídech 'climbing fern (Lygodium circinnatum (Burm. f.) Sw.); large food basket made from ŋidech plant', Rembong mintuʔ (more common variant of nintuʔ). The core of this comparison was first recognized in print by Verheijen (1984).

*niwaŋ, ma-niwaŋ thin, of animate beings 3676 PWMP     *maR-niwang thin, of animate beings WMP Isneg na-níwāŋ lean, thin, meager, lank   mag-níwaŋ become lean, thin, etc. Casiguran Dumagat niwaŋ skinny, thin (of animate beings) Hanunóo níwaŋ thinness, referring to people   ma-níwaŋ thin, referring to people Kayan (Uma Juman) niwaŋ thin (of people and animals) Toba Batak mar-niaŋ thin (of animates) CMP Asilulu ma-niwa thin Kaitetu ma-niwa thin Note:   Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *(n)ihaŋ 'thin'. Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *ni(w,o)aŋ 'thin, lean, skinny'.

*nu conditional, if 3715 PAN     *nu conditional, if Formosan Paiwan nu if, when WMP Atta nu if Ilongot nu if Isneg no if Botolan Sambal no if Hanunóo nu if; when, during, in (with forms denoting periods of time)

*nunuk a tree, the banyan 3711 PMP     *nunuk a tree, the banyan WMP Aklanon nunók tree -- believed to be bewitched or enchanted Maranao nonok banyan tree: Ficus sp. Tiruray nunuk generic for the strangler fig: Ficus benjamina L. Maloh nunuk banyan Sundanese nunuk name of a fruit tree; ghost in the form of a hunchbacked beldam Sangir nunuʔ kind of waringin or banyan Uma nunuʔ kind of waringin or banyan Bolaang Mongondow nunuk kind of waringin or banyan CMP Rotinese nunu(k) kind of waringin or banyan Leti nunu banyan Proto-Ambon *nunuʔ Ficus benjamina L OC Raluana nunu banyan Lenkau nun banyan Fijian nunu fig tree sp. Note:   Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *nunuk 'tree: Moraceae Ficus sp.', Mills (1981) Proto-Indonesian *nunuk 'banyan'. In many parts of the Philippines and Indonesia the banyan is believed to house mischievous spirits, hence the secondary meaning of Sundanese nunuk.

*nuŋnuŋ stare, look fixedly 3716 PWMP     *nuŋnuŋ stare, look fixedly [doublet: *neŋneŋ] WMP Kankanaey noŋnóŋ see; look at; behold; observe; view Karo Batak nuŋnuŋ make an examination, try to find out Malay nonoŋ walk looking fixedly ahead, as a drunkard trying to walk straight Note:   Also Malay renoŋ 'looking fixedly at anything'.

*nuRuq luck 3712 PMP     *nuRuq luck WMP Palauan lúsech luck 3713 PMP     *ma-nuRuq lucky WMP Palauan me-lúsech always lucky OC Tongan monū good luck, good fortune or privilege Samoan manū good luck, good fortune Note:   First proposed in Geraghty n.d., but with a reconstruction only for POc.

*nus squid, cuttlefish 3714 PMP     *nus squid, cuttlefish [doublet: *kanuqus] WMP Malay nus generic name for cephalopods CMP Rotinese nus octopus, squid Sika nu kind of polyp on the reef

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