![]() | Updated: 2/10/2019 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets
za
33250 *zakan to cook in water, cook rice 11767 PMP *zakan to cook in water, cook rice
11894 28794 *za(ŋ)kit contagious, spreading by contact 6025 PWMP *za(ŋ)kit contagious, spreading by contact [doublet: *laŋkit]
28795 6026 PAN *za(ŋ)kuC grab, grasp, seize
30439 *zalan path, made by a human as opposed to an animal; way or means to do something 7589 PAN *zalan path, made by a human as opposed to an animal; way or means to do something
7590 PMP *zalan path, made by a human as opposed to an animal; way or means to do something; wake of a boat; the Milky Way
7591 7607 PWMP *ma-zalan (gloss uncertain)
7592 PWMP *pa-zalan make something go or move
7593 PAN *ka-zalan-an improvised trail, trail made by passing through?
7594 PWMP *pa-zalan-an (gloss uncertain)
7595 PAN *za-zalan (gloss uncertain)
7596 PWMP *z<um>alan to pass through
7597 PAN *zalan-an passageway, place where one has walked
7598 PAN *zalan-zalan small path or trail
Note: Also Sa'ban alin, Kenyah (Long Anap) janan, Kayan (Uma Juman) alan, Berawan (Long Terawan) ilan, Lemeting jalin, Karo Batak dalin ‘path, road; means to achieve something; cause of something; way of doing something’, Buli laliŋ ‘footpath’, Moor ràrina, Yeresiam jáàra, Serui-Laut raŋ, Munggui layan ‘path, road’, Puluwat yel- road, path, Toqabaqita tale ‘path, track, road; a row of something’.
A number of words in South Halmahera-West New Guinea languages resemble the expected reflex of PAn *zalan, but with various irregularities. It is unclear whether these should be treated as inherited forms with sporadic changes, as loanwords, or as chance resemblances. The variant forms from Lemeting, Karo Batak , Buli and Moor might be taken to support a double *zalin, but since Sa'ban alin, Lemeting jalin and similar forms in other North Sarawak languages appear to be products of low vowel fronting it seems best for now to treat the minority pattern with last-syllable *i a product of convergence.
30274 *zalateŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp. 7183 PMP *zalateŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp. [doublet: *lateŋ, *zilateŋ]
7184 POC *salatoŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp. [doublet: *la-latoŋ]
Note: Also Sangir əŋgalatiŋ, Bare'e gelata ‘stinging nettle tree: Laportea spp.’.
28784 6015 PWMP *zaluaŋ bark cloth [disjunct: *daluaŋ]
28789 *zaŋan₁ handspan 6020 PMP *zaŋan₁ handspan [disjunct: *saŋa 'bifurcation']
Note: Also Maranao raŋao ‘measure by using stretched thumb and finger as measuring tool’, Mongondow yaŋow ‘span with the fingers’, toŋo yaŋow ‘one handspan’, Sa'a taŋaa ‘span; to span with the hand’.
28790 *zaŋan₂ negative 6021 PWMP *zaŋan₂ negative
28791 *zaŋaw insect destructive to rice 6022 PWMP *zaŋaw insect destructive to rice [doublet: *baŋaw]
28792 *zaŋkal handspan 6023 PWMP *zaŋkal handspan [doublet: *ze(ŋ)kal]
Note: Also Tae' daŋkan ‘a span’, Manggarai daka ‘small unit of measure’, se-daka ‘handspan’. Mills (1975: 719) reconstructs Proto-South Sulawesi *jaŋka[l?] ‘handspan (unit of measure)’, a form which he proposes to derive irregularly from Dempwolff's (1934-38) *ze(ŋ)kal.
28793 *zaŋkaŋ wide apart, as the legs 6024 PWMP *zaŋkaŋ wide apart, as the legs
Note: With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’.
28785 6016 PWMP *zapit pinch, squeeze, press
Note: With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
30440 7599 PMP *zaqat bad, evil; ugly [doublet: *zaqet]
7600 POC *saqat bad
7601 Note: Also Mapun maat ‘evil; badness’, mag-maat ‘to do bad; to have bad intentions’, ka-maat-an ‘dislike something’ (lit. ‘be affected by the badness of something’), Tausug kaat ‘(for a person) to go wrong, do things that are considered bad; (for someone’s behavior) to become bad’, Murung jeʔet ‘bad, Iban jaiʔ ‘bad, spoilt, broken, out of order, no more use’, Jarai sat ‘bad’, Toba Batak jahat ‘bad; vulgar’, Lamaholot daʔ ‘bad’, Toqabaqita taʔaa ‘be bad, no good; general term for expressing negative evaluation’.
30441 7602 PWMP *zaqet bad, evil; ugly [doublet: *zaqat]
Note: Also Kayan (Uma Juman) jaʔək, Bintulu jaʔəs ‘bad, evil’.
30442 7603 7604 12062 Note: Also Itawis dahét ‘stitch’, mad-dahét ‘to sew’, Jarai jhik ‘to sew’, Muna dhai ‘sew an ornamental seam (to trouser legs; a practice in former times)’, Molima saila ‘to sew, make nets’.
28787 *zariaŋaw a plant: Calamus spp. 6018 PWMP *zariaŋaw a plant: Calamus spp.
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed doublets *zaraŋaw, *zariŋaw.
30481 7684 8370 Note: Also Malay jaliŋ ‘barrier net (said to be rare)’. In addition, Dempwolff (1938) included Tagalog dáliŋ ~ dálin ‘fastening; binding for bamboo floors’, but the divergent semantics raises questions about whether this form is cognate. This comparison, which was first proposed by Dempwolff (1938) in a somewhat more restricted form, remains problematic. I assume that Maori tari shows the ‘third palatal reflex’ found in a number of other forms, but the connection of Oceanic forms to those in western Indonesia may be due to chance.
30736 8375 PAN *zaRami rice straw [doublet: *gaRami]
8376 PMP *zaRami rice straw; flute made from a rice stalk
Note: Also Kavalan Rami ‘rice straw’, Bunun dumali (< met.) ‘millet straw’, Tagalog dayámi ‘straw; hay; dried rice or grain stalks used as fodder for cattle’ (Kapampangan loan), Binukid lagami ‘stalk that is left after the grain or sugarcane has been harvested; straw’, Bare'e deami ‘rice stubble; fallow ricefield’.
The basic referent of this term appears to have been that part of the rice stalk that remains in the field after the harvest (to fertilize the soil for the next planting). In at least two widely-separated languages (Old Javanese and Tontemboan) this word also refers to a flute made from a rice stalk, and in parts of northern Sulawesi the meaning has shifted from the stalks of the planted rice left after the harvest to the invasive weeds and brush that sprouts in a newly fallow field.
28786 *zaRaŋ having wide intervals; seldom 6017 PWMP *zaRaŋ having wide intervals; seldom
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) has *zaraŋ ‘seldom; scarce’. The Bisayan form shows secondary prenasalization of g from *R.
33555 *zaRem needle 12290 PAN *zaRem needle [doublet: *zaRum]
30443 *zaRum needle 7605 PAN *zaRum needle [doublet: *zaRem]
7606 POC *saRum needle
Note: Also Puyuma daum ‘sewing needle’ (< Paiwan), Agta (Dupaningan) dagum ‘needle’ (< Ilokano), Bontok dágom ‘needle’, Ibaloy shaKom ‘needle (as for sewing, injection)’, Pangasinan dágom ‘needle’, Tagalog ka-rayom ‘needle’ (< Kapampangan), Hanunóo dágum (< a Bisayan source?), Tausug jawm ‘a needle; any needle-like object, as a compass needle or the hands of a watch’ (< Malay), Bare'e jaru ‘European fabric needle (< Malay or Buginese). Manggarai jaruŋ may be a Makasarese loan.
30628 *zauq far 8103 PMP *zauq far
8104 POC *sauq₁ far
8105 PMP *ma-zauq far
8106 PMP *zauq zauq (gloss uncertain)
8107 POC *sauq sauq (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Toba Batak dao ‘far, distant’. This morpheme appears to have replaced PAn *dawiN ‘far, distant’ in PMP. Favorlang/Babuza ro, ma-ro is a superficially similar form that, if accepted, would establish both *zauq and *dawiN as PAn, and raise fundamental questions about homonymy. However, the Favorlang/Babuza reflex of PAn *z is clearly t in etymologies such as *zalan > tarran ‘road’, and *quzaN > utas ‘rain’, and it therefore seems best to treat the similarity of Favorlang/Babuza ro, ma-ro to such non-Formosan forms as Lawangan oroʔ, Mambai ro or Waiyewa ma-ro as a product of chance convergence.
28788 6019 Note: Also Malagasy (Provincial) javanjavana ‘illumination’.
30908 *zawa₂ millet sp.: Setaria italica (?) 8750 PAN *zawa₂ millet sp.: Setaria italica (?)
Note: Old Javanese jawa, after which the island of Java may have been named, is sometimes thought to be a loan from Sanskrit yawa ‘barley’, a word that reportedly derives from the more general term ‘grain’ attested in both Avestan and Sanskrit (Buck 1949: 513). Adopting this interpretation requires the assumption that Sanskrit yawa ‘barley’ was borrowed as pre-Javanese jawa ‘millet’ within the past two millennia, as the early Indian name for Java was Yawadwipa, presumably because millet was widely cultivated on Java at that time (barley is not a native Southeast Asian crop --- see the doubts expressed in the gloss of Old Javanese jawa).
This putative loanword then spread northward with substitution of d for j in languages that lacked palatals, presumably replacing whatever term applied to the type of millet that this word represented. One possible scenario, then, is that jawa > dawa replaced reflexes of *beCeŋ ‘foxtail millet: Setaria italica’. However, the specific application of reflexes of *zawa to foxtail millet in southern Taiwan and much of the central Philippines (but not in intervening areas) argues against this interpretation and in favor of *zawa as a PAn term that has been lost over wide areas but retained in scattered pockets in its original meaning. Various references (Aklanon, Cebuano, Agutaynen, Yakan, Iban) suggest that millet was secondary to rice as a daily staple in virtually all language groups, a factor that may have played a role in the far more robust attestation for terms like *pajay or *beRas as compared with *beCeŋ, or *zawa.
28796 6027 PMP *zeket to burn (fields, etc.)
11895 Note: Miri jukat is assumed to be a u ablaut form of an unrecorded base **jakat.
30255 *zelaq tongue 7135 PWMP *zelaq tongue [doublet: *dilaq]
30893 *zelay a cereal grass with edible seeds that are also used as beads, Job’s tears: Coix lachryma-jobi L. 8724 PMP *zelay a cereal grass with edible seeds that are also used as beads, Job’s tears: Coix lachryma-jobi L.
Note: Also Malay henjelay ‘millet’, Old Javanese jahəli ~ jahli ~ jali ‘a kind of millet: Eleusine coracana’, Javanese jali ‘a plant that produces corn-like (barley-like) kernels’, Balinese jali-jali ‘a species of plant’.
28797 *zeliŋ cross-eyed; squint 6028 PWMP *zeliŋ cross-eyed; squint [doublet: *zuliŋ]
Note: Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) siliŋ ‘cross-eyed’, Old Javanese jilak ‘partial eye defect (cross-eyed?)’, Wolio jilo ‘cross-eyed, squint’, Rotuman jila ‘squint, be crossed (eyes)’.
28798 *zelzel stuff or fill with material 6029 PWMP *zelzel stuff or fill with material
28799 6030 PMP *zemak feel, grope [doublet: *zamaq]
Note: Also Toba Batak gomak ‘grasp something, take a handful’, Mongondow domok ‘catch, grasp, seize; fight, come to blows or grips’.
28801 *zeŋkuŋ curved 6032 PMP *zeŋkuŋ curved
11896 28800 *zepit pinch, take up with the fingers 6031 PWMP *zepit pinch, take up with the fingers
Note: Uma jopiʔ may be a Kulawi loan. With root *-pit (or *peqit?) ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.
30698 *zeRa hurt, frightened, or discouraged by previous bad experience 8272 PWMP *zeRa hurt, frightened, or discouraged by previous bad experience
Note: Also Tagalog daláʔ ‘wary, cautious or scared because of previous painful, unpleasant, unfortunate or unsatisfactory experience’, ma-daláʔ, dalaʔ-ín ‘to have an unpleasant experience caused by the attitude of others or by other circumstances; to be taught by painful experience (in consequence of which one is wary about returning to a certain place)’, Cebuano dulá ‘for animals to be shy and not allow anyone to approach them’, Mapun dallaʔ ‘to give up doing something (because of having a bad or painful experience; to begin to give up’, dallaʔ-un ‘cause someone to give up doing something’.
It is unclear whether the Tagalog and Mapun forms justify a doublet *zeraq, but this seems doubtful, since the expected Tagalog reflex of such a form would be **diláʔ. Rather, it seems more likely that forms such as those listed in this note are loanwords from Malay. The same cannot be said, however, for Manobo (Western Bukidnon) deǥa, and so the reconstruction stands despite the questionable nature of some of its members.
28802 *zilak cross-eyed 6033 PMP *zilak cross-eyed [doublet: *zeliŋ, *zuliŋ]
11897 POC *silak₂ cross-eyed
33466 *zilat to stick out the tongue 12175 PWMP *zilat to stick out the tongue
30275 *zilateŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp. 7185 PMP *zilateŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp. [doublet: *lateŋ, *zalateŋ]
7186 POC *silatoŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp. [doublet: *latoŋ, *salatoŋ]
Note: The Oceanic members of this comparison are taken from Ross (2008:232).
31291 *ziŋkit touching or joined along the length 9348 PWMP *ziŋkit touching or joined along the length
Note: With root *-kit₂ ‘join along the length’.
28803 *ziteq vine from which poison is obtained 6034 PWMP *ziteq vine from which poison is obtained
31205 9237 PMP *zitzit to hiss [disjunct: *sitsit]
9238 POC *sisit to hiss, as to call attention to
28804 *ziuq bathe 6035 PMP *ziuq bathe [doublet: *diRuq, *diRus]
11898 POC *siuq₂ bathe
Note: Also Bintulu mən-duʔ ‘to bathe’. Mills (1975:684) posits Proto-South Sulawesi *dio(C(?)), ‘bathe’, which he associates with PAn *DiRuq or *DiRus, with unexplained loss of *R.
28806 *zizi disgusted, revolted 6037 PWMP *zizi disgusted, revolted
Note: Also Malay jijék, cicék ‘disgust’, Javanese jijiːk ‘revolted, disgusted’.
28805 6036 PMP *ziziq grin, show the teeth [disjunct: *zizir]
11899 POC *sisiq₂ grin, show the teeth
Note: Milke (1961:170, 173) compares the Sa'a word with Fijian sisiva ‘jealous’, Tongan hihihihi ‘gnash the teeth’, Samoan ma-sisi ‘term of abuse’. However, his source for Tongan (Churchward 1959) does not list hihihihi in the stated meaning, and Pratt's (1984) masisi ‘the piece of wood used in operating for tafao (circumcision), used reproachfully’ presents both formal and semantic problems, thus effectively invalidating the earlier comparison.
31355 9437 PMP *zizir grin, show the teeth [disjunct: *ziziq]
11900 POC *sisir₂ grin, show the teeth
Note: Milke (1961:170, 173) compares the Sa'a word with Fijian sisiva ‘jealous’, Tongan hihihihi ‘gnash the teeth’, Samoan ma-sisi ‘term of abuse’. However, his source for Tongan (Churchward 1959) does not list hihihihi in the stated meaning, and Pratt's (1984) masisi ‘the piece of wood used in operating for tafao (circumcision), used reproachfully’ presents both formal and semantic problems, thus effectively invalidating the earlier comparison.
28807 *zukut grass 6038 PMP *zukut grass
Note: Also Bikol dúʔot ‘grass, lawn, weed’.
30594 7995 PWMP *zulaq saliva; to spit [doublet: *dulaq, *ludaq, *luzaq]
33390 *zuliŋ cross-eyed 12020 PWMP *zuliŋ cross-eyed
28808 6039 Note: Also Malay dahulu, dulu ‘before; in advance of; ahead’. Sasak Ɂ in this form is unexplained, but given the sporadic and often non-corresponding occurence of final glottal closure in languages such as Iban and Sasak, the final consonant in this form cannot be reconstructed with any confidence.
30060 *zuluŋ kind of freshwater fish 6761 PWMP *zuluŋ kind of freshwater fish
30900 8733 Note: Also Javanese juŋkruk ‘sit with bowed head’, Makasarese dukku ‘bend over, bow, duck down; crouch down to hide. With root *-kuk₁ ‘bent, crooked’. Possibly a chance resemblance made more similar through sharing a common monosyllabic root.
30818 8575 PWMP *zuŋzuŋ carry on the head
8576 PWMP *zuŋzuŋ-an what is carried on the head; a burden
30847 8661 Note: Also Maranao pidoro ‘corner, form’ (< Malay?), Mansaka kadogoŋan ‘corner (as of house), Minangkabau pinjuru ‘corner; section, quarter’. This term may have had a more precise meaning than that given here.
30456 *zuRuq juice; sap; gravy; soup 7635 PMP *zuRuq juice; sap; gravy; soup
7636 POC *suRuq₁ juice; broth, soup; gravy
Note: Also Javanese juruh sweet thick syrup or sauce, usually made of coconut sugar, Balinese juruh syrup. The exact meaning of this term is hard to pin down. It evidently referred to naturally occurring liquids that are more viscous than water, as juices of fruits, coconut water and the like, as well as broths or soups that are produced by cooking.
31293 9353 PWMP *zutzut pluck, pull out [doublet: *dutdut]
a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w z
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*z
WMP Karo Batak
er-dakan to cook rice
Toba Batak
in-dahan cooked rice
mar-dahan to cook rice
Balinese
ñakan to cook rice, cook food, be busy in the kitchen
jakan-a was cooked, was prepared as food
Pendau
rakan to boil (food)
Boano
man-dakan to boil, cook (in pot, water)
Tialo
jaʔan to boil, cook (in pot, water)
Dampelas
jaʔaŋ to boil, cook (in pot, water)
Chamorro
chahan cook in an underground pit; underground pit oven
OC Fijian
saŋga to be cooking in a pot; to boil (intr.)
Tongan
haka to stew or boil (food); to boil (clothes); to smelt (iron, etc.); to melt, render (fat); to brew beer; food put on to boil or stew; food which has been boiled or stewed
WMP Iban
jaŋkit infectious, contagious; catch, spread (as fire or disease)
Malay
jaŋkit spread without visible contact, as an epidemic or fire
Proto-Sangiric
*dakit, *dakiʔ contagious (of diseases)
Mongondow
dakit to ignite, as a hearth fire; spread, jump across (also applied to sicknesses)
Formosan Paiwan
djakuts grab, take in hand (non-cylindrical object)
WMP Tagalog
dakót handful, graspful
Balinese
jaŋkut embrace, take in one's arms
Sangir
dakuʔ seize, grasp, catch
Formosan Basai
tsatsan path, road
Trobiawan
tsatsan road
Kavalan
razan <M road; path, trail
mani-razan to take the same way
nan-razan same way of life
sa-razan to pass through the bush
Saisiyat
raLan road
Pazeh
daran road, trail
Sakizaya
daðan path, road
Amis
lalan path, road, street, highway; direction figuratively; means to do something
Favorlang/Babuza
tarran road, path
Thao
saran path, road
mu-saran go out onto the road; take out onto the road
Bunun
daan road, path
Bunun (Isbukun)
daan road
Tsou
cronə road
Kanakanabu
caánə road, path
Siraya
daraŋ road, path
Proto-Rukai
*daɭanə road
Puyuma
daɭan road
mi-a-daɭan spirits of the road
p<in>u-daɭan-an place where a road has been made
Paiwan
djalan road, trail, path
pu-djalan to have a road; make a road
ta-djalan same, same kind of (“one road”)
ta-djalan a tsautsau same kind of people
WMP Itbayaten
raxan path, wake, footpath, trace of boat-passing on the water; wheel track; furrow
ka-raxan act of passing
maka-raxan to pass away, to be out of season
ma-naxan to be leaking, passing through
raxa-raxan road
Ilokano
dálan road, street, path; passage; track; corridor; aisle
dalán-en to follow a road
i-dálan to advise; guide; influence
pa-dalán-en to give way; make way
Agta (Dupaningan)
dilan road, path, trail
Isneg
dálan path
dad-dalán-ān road
Itawis
dálan road
ma-nálan to walk
Bontok
dálan trail, path, road
Ifugaw
dálan path; nowadays horsetrail, road for large vehicles; act of walking, traveling
Ifugaw (Batad)
dālan a way, habitually used in going from one place to another; to walk (person or animal); make a path through a given area by clearing it with a bolo, walking back and forth over the same area; for the sun, moon, stars, water in a river, spirit beings, to follow a set course
Casiguran Dumagat
dilan path, trail, way; to walk on a trail
Ibaloy
shalan trail, road; route; way
man-shalan to pass a certain way
on-shalan to drop by somewhere for a quick visit enroute to somewhere else
shalan-en to take a certain route
Pangasinan
dalán road, way, street, path
Kapampangan
dálan road, way, passage
Tagalog
dáan ~ daán road, street, thoroughfare; way, passageway; track, trail, path
Bikol
dálan path, track, trail; road, thoroughfare, way
Buhid
dálan path, road
Hanunóo
dálan trail, path, road, route
Masbatenyo
dálan path, trail, street, road, way
Aklanon
dáean road,way, path, trail, street; be carried away by, be led by; almost forget (something else)
Waray-Waray
dálan road, street; avenue, way; path, highway
Agutaynen
dalan road, street; fig., the way, methodology, standards one follows in one’s work, life, beliefs; the way by which something is achieved, accomplished
Hiligaynon
dálan street, road, path, cleared path
Cebuano
dálan street, road, way; way, means; the way one acts, lives
sin-dálan to do something else while walking
Maranao
lalan path, trail, road, way, course, street
lalan a rogoʔ blood vessel
Binukid
dalan path, trail, way; road, street
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dalan trail; path
Mansaka
daran path, trail, way; road, street
Tiruray
dolon road, highway, path, trail
Mapun
lān road; street; path; highway; time
lan-an a way of doing something
Yakan
lān ~ lalan path, trail, road, way
mata lān the middle of the road
Tboli
lan path, way, road; area worked on; handiwork; to pass through, follow a path
Tausug
dān way, road, trail, street, path
dān-an the cause (of something), course of events leading up to (something)
Rungus Dusun
ralan path, road
Kadazan Dusun
d̲ahan way
in-d̲ahan-an place to walk
Ida'an Begak
dalan road
Lun Dayeh
dalan road, route, street, way
nalan to walk, travel
delan-in path to be taken
Kelabit
dalan path, road
nalan to walk
me-dalan help someone walk
Sa'ban
alin path, road
Narum
jaliən path, road
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
jalan path, road
Penan (Long Lamai)
jalan path, road
Murik
jalan path, road
Kiput
dalaan path
dalaan lalun road (‘big path’)
Melanau (Mukah)
jalan path
Samihim
lalan path, road
Delang
jalan path, road
Iban
jalai way, path, road; go, walk, travel; way of doing something, method, solution (way out) of difficulty
jalai bumai method of farming, way to farm
jalai asuʔ hunting trail
Tsat
la:n¹¹ path, road
Jarai
jəlan path, road
Moken
jalan path, road
Malay
jalan movement in a definite direction; course; road; way; way to do something
jalan bahasa way of speech, idiom
ber-jalan to walk, go
Talaud
daḷanna path, road
Karo Batak
dalan path, road; means to achieve something; cause of something; way of doing something
Toba Batak
dalan way, path; manner, way, means; opportunity; cause, occasion
Nias
lala path, road
Rejang
daleun road, path, street
daleun tikus footpath, jungle path (lit. ‘rat path’)
Javanese
dalan road, street, passage; way, route; way, means
nalan on the way to/from
Balinese
jalan go, walk, travel, proceed; path, road, street, way
Sasak
men-jalan to walk
Sangir
daḷeŋ path, trail, road
Tonsea
lalan path, road
Tontemboan
lalan way, path; way of acting
to-lalan the Milky Way
Mongondow
daḷan path, road
Tialo
jalan trail, track
Dampelas
jalaŋ road
Balaesang
dalaŋ road
Bare'e
jaya path, way, road; means to achieve something; means of transport
jaya ŋkada groove between nose and upper lip
san-jaya a traveling party (lit. ‘one way’)
Tae'
lalan path, road
lalan lima imprint of the hand
sa-ŋ-lalan name of the relationship between men whose wives are sisters, or between women whose husbands are brothers (lit. ‘one path’)
Mori Atas
sala path, road
Moronene
sala path, road
Wolio
dala road, street, path; item, possibility
ma-liŋu-aka dala to lose one’s way
bawine-na dala prostitute (‘woman of the street’)
Muna
sala path, track, trail; sort, thing
sala waghua the Milky Way
Palauan
rayl road; path; way; connection (between families, etc.)
Chamorro
chalan road, highway, street, path
CMP Komodo
lalaŋ way, road, path
Manggarai
salaŋ way, road, path; channel (as in irrigation)
Lamaholot
rarã path, road
Solorese
laran path, road
Kodi
lara road
Lamboya
lara road
Anakalangu
lara lara
Hawu
ʄara path, way
Dhao/Ndao
jara road
Rotinese
dala(k) row; path, road
Atoni
lalan path, road
Tetun
dalan road, track, path
ha-tudu dalan to teach or show the way
Vaikenu
lalan road
Galoli
salan road
Waima'a
dala path, road
Idate
lalan path, road
Erai
sala(n) road, path, way
Tugun
salə road
Roma
calla path, road
West Damar
hollo road
Wetan
talla path, road
Kola
yala path, road
Dobel
sala road, path
Kamarian
lalan path, road
Gah
laan road
Alune
lalane path, road
Saparua
lalano road
Hitu
lalan path, road
Asilulu
lalan road, path
Boano₂
lalane path, road
Batu Merah
lalani road
Kayeli
lalan path, road
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
raran path, road
Gimán
lolan path, road
Mayá
ꞌlili³n path
As
alin path, road
Dusner
rian path, road
Pom
rayan way, path
Ambai
raŋ path, road
Woi
raŋ (< *raraŋ) path, road
Kurudu
ran way, path
OC Nauna
cal path, way, road
Lou
sal path, way, road
Loniu
can path, way, road
Nali
say path, way, road
Andra
cal path, road
Leipon
cal path, way, road
Ahus
cal path, road
Papitalai
cal path, road
Drehet
saŋ path, road
Sori
mana saŋ path, way, road
Seimat
awa-i-sal path, way, road (lit. ‘mouth of path’)
Wuvulu
tala path, way, road
Mussau
salana path, way, road
Tigak
salan path, road
Bali (Uneapa)
ndalaŋa path, road
Arop
dala path, road
Biliau
daʔal path, road
Sobei
rara path, road
Wogeo
jala path, way, road
Manam
jala path, way, road
Takia
dal path, way, road
Mbula
zaala path, road; way, manner; way of life; opportunity, chance
Motu
dala road; path
dala katakata crossroads
Pokau
dara road
Papapana
tananaʔ path, road
Uruava
ara- path, road
Luangiua
ala path, road
Nggela
hala-utu road, path
hala-tina main road, government road
Kwaio
tala road, path, track
faʔa-tala i kwala stir up blame, provoke a feud
tala-a be born
Marau₂
tara path, road
Lau
tala path, road; opportunity; to begin; the Milky Way
Toqabaqita
tala path, track, road
Sa'a
tala path, road, way; a row, a string of objects
Arosi
tara-(na) path, road; a seam in sewing; a row; place, resting place for something; cause, reason, beginning
Marshallese
iaḷ road; path; street; way; itinerary; journey; lane; route; transportation
Pohnpeian
ahl road, street, trail, path, line
Mokilese
al road, street, line, path, way; to line, to draw lines
Chuukese
aan road, street, path, way, route, course (at sea); approach (to a job or problem); method, way (of doing); line of reckoning (in genealogies); Milky Way (short for anenimey, lit. path of breadfruit, because on this heavenly path the breadfruit comes from its southern homeland when summoned by the sowuyótoomey, the breadfruit summoner who performs the ritual to induce the spirit of the breadfruit to come each year from its southern homeland to Truk and ensure a good breadfruit harvest)
Puluwat
yaal road, path, street
Woleaian
yala-li road of, way of, path of
Carolinian
aal path, road
Sonsorol-Tobi
jara-i way, track, road
Haununu
tara path, road
Mota
mate-sala path, road
manur-sala crossroad
Malmariv
sala road
Lametin
sal road
Aore
sala path, road
Araki
sala road, path, way
Apma
hal path, road
Vao
na hal path, road
Atchin
ni-sel path, road
Rano
sel road
Lingarak
ne-sal road
Avava
a-sal path, road
Axamb
na-ser path, road
Lonwolwol
hal track, road; road for thinking about, the faculty of being able to forecast events
Rotuman
sala path, road, street; route; way, method; (of words) method of using or applying, usage, application, meaning; (of thing to be obtained) condition, stipulation, what must be done in order to obtain it; journey, distance; to go, come, or originate
Fijian
sala path, road, track
sala ni caŋi the Milky Way
sala ni waŋga the wake of a ship
vaka-sala-taka to point the way, show, advise, warn
Tongan
hala path, road (lit. or fig.); gangway, stairway
hala-faki take an indirect or roundabout route
Niue
hala path, track, way, mode, means, method, procedure
hala uta by land
hala vaka by canoe, by sea
Futunan
ala road, way, path
Samoan
ala path, road; way; method, way of doing something; cause of, reason for; working section (area of mat woven by one person at a particular time)
faʔa-ala express an opinion
Tuvaluan
ala-tuu road, path
Kapingamarangi
ala responsibility, be responsible for; row of plaiting on a net
Rennellese
aga path, trail, track, road, street; doorway, door; way, method
haka-aga take food on a trail, as to a ritual feast; the food so taken
Anuta
ara path, road
Rarotongan
ara road, path, way, track
Maori
ara way, path; means of conveyance; layer of sedge thatch on a roof
Hawaiian
ala path, road, trail
WMP Itbayaten
ma-raxan to be able to pass
Ilokano
ma-dalán-an to pass by
Waray-Waray
ma-dálan having many streets
Mapun
ma-lān drive a vehicle or fly a plane
Bare'e
mo-jaya take a path; make headway
WMP Itbayaten
pa-raxan-en cause to pass through; give way to someone; obtain by means of
Ilokano
ag-pa-dálan to give way, make room for, go to the road
Tagalog
pa-raán way; a way of doing something; method; a course of action or conduct; tactics; resource; any means of achieving success or getting out of trouble; style
Mapun
pa-lān habitually going somewhere
Tae'
pa-lalan grow seed; cultivate in order to sow later, of actions; make a model (to prepare the way for some action)
Palauan
or-rayl lead (animal, etc.); drive (boat, car, etc.); start (engine)
Formosan Rukai (Budai)
ka-daa-dalán-anə road
Paiwan
ka-djalan-an mountain trail
WMP Javanese
ke-dalan-an to have a road, passage, etc. on or through it; to be passed by a road, etc.
WMP Ilokano
pa-dalán-an to run over; excuse, apologize
Tagalog
pa-raan-án to pass over something; to allow someone to pass over or through a certain place (stress on the place)
Mapun
pa-lan-an a place to go
Formosan Rukai (Maga)
da-dránə road
Paiwan
dja-djalan companion on road
WMP Yami
ra-rahan road
Itbayaten
ra-raxan road, street, avenue
Boano
da-daan trail, track
WMP Ilokano
d<um>álan to go, walk, travel
Ifugaw
d<um>álan to walk
Tagalog
d<um>aán to drop in (for a short visit); pass through; to pass, pass through or over; to go by
Mapun
l<um>ān to walk, to go somewhere
Palauan
mə-rayl go; walk; travel; leave; (water) flow/move (in pipe); (blood) flow out
Formosan Thao
saran-an walk on or across something; place where one is walking or going
s<in>aran-an place where one walked or went; passageway made by walking through
WMP Itbayaten
raxan-an pass, narrow passage
Ilokano
dalán-an a passageway, pathway; to run over; run through; do haphazardly
Ifugaw
dalán-an path, way to walk upon
Kapampangan
dalan-an pass by for someone
Tagalog
daán-an ~ daan-án to pass by a certain place; to drop in at someone’s place with intention of bringing that person with you
daan-án access; the way of approaching or reaching a place or person
Kelabit
delan-an path made by repeated walking over the same course
Javanese
dalan-an roadways, street areas
Tae'
lalan-an a way; make a hole for, as in boring a hole in order to knock in a dowel; prepare the way
Formosan Paiwan
djala-djalan small path
WMP Bikol
dálan-dálan path, trail
WMP Iban
jelataŋ small tree, Laportea stimulans Miq., having stinging hairs on the leaves, which can be littered about where an enemy may rest
Malay
jelataŋ stinging nettle, generic for certain plants with stinging leaves, including tree nettle (Laportea stimulans), causing intense pain and a rash like erysipelas, and used by Malays as an ingredient in poison or hung over doors to keep away evil spirits, common small nettle (Fleurya interrupta), causing itch, when the expression kena jelataŋ (or simply jelataŋ) ‘itchy, lascivious’, and stinging climber (Cnesmone javanica); a minute marine insect that gives a slight sting, sea-flea
OC Manam
zalato stinging nettle: Laportea spp.
Arosi
darao species of nettle, species of jellyfish; Portuguese man of war, Physalia (sea nettle)
Bauro
tarao species of nettle
Wayan
salato nettle tree: Dendrocnide Harveyi (uncommon tree of mesic mid-altitude forest)
Fijian
salato the nettle plant, Laportea harveyi, Urticaceae
Samoan
salato large forest tree, the tree nettle, Laportea spp.
WMP Malay
jeluaŋ vegetable parchment; native paper ... Old Malayo-Javanese romances are met with that have been written on this parchment (the bark used being that of Morus macroura or of Brousonnetia papyrifera)
Sundanese
daluaŋ native paper
Old Javanese
daluwaŋ clothing of bark cloth (worn by hermits, etc.)
Wolio
dalua thin paper, tissue paper
WMP Yami
raŋan distance between an outstretched middle finger (or pinky) and thumb, used to measure length
Ivatan
raŋan span (8 inches)
Ilokano
dáŋan handspan
saŋa-dáŋan measure of the palm of the hand
daŋán-en to measure by handspans
Bontok
dáŋan handbreadth; the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger when the fingers are outstretched
Bare'e
jaŋa span
Wolio
ndaŋa an of the hand (about 20 cm.)
OC Nggela
haŋa a span, outstretched fingers
Fijian
i caga span (about 9 inches)
Tongan
haŋa span (about 9 inches)
Hawaiian
ana to measure, survey, evaluate, rate
ana-na fathom
WMP Tagalog
dáŋan were it not for; if it were not that
Malay
jaŋan don't
WMP Isneg
dáŋaw kind of stinkbug very destructive to young ears of rice
Ifugaw
dáŋo kind of stinkbug very destructive to young ears of rice -- eats also the leaves of sweet potatoes
Casiguran Dumagat
daŋáw type of insect (they eat the rice plants when the fruit is beginning to develop)
Kayan
jaŋaw crop destroyed by insects
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
daŋkál unit of measurement from tip of thumb to tip of outstretched middle finger
Tagalog
daŋkál unit of measurement from tip of thumb to tip of outstretched middle finger
Maloh
jaŋkal a measurement (from thumb to second finger)
WMP Malay
jaŋkaŋ wide astretch, of the limbs
Banggai
daŋkaŋ wide apart
WMP Javanese
japit clip, fastener, tongs
Balinese
japit pinch
Banggai
dapit pinch, squeeze, press
WMP Maranao
rataʔ sad, sadness, unhappy; bad
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
daʔat to destroy; to harm; to ruin
Yakan
laʔat bad, evil (morally); poorly (of feeling)
laʔat-an easily getting angry, hot-tempered
Abai Sembuak
a-laat bad
Murut (Tagol)
a-laat bad
Tingalan (West)
a-laat bad
Basap
jaʔat bad
Lun Dayeh
daat bad; ugly; wicked; cruel
fe-daat accuse or blame one another; say bad things about one another
ne-daat died, passed away, became bad
si-daat pretend to be poor or no good
Narum
jeət bad
Dusun Deyah
daat bad
Dusun Witu
raʔat bad
Malay
jahat evil-hearted
ber-jahat to speak ill deliberately of a person
ke-jahat-an wickedness
jahat-kan to represent as wicked, to defame
Karo Batak
jahat bad, dangerous, not to be trusted (of animals and people)
Javanese
jahat flaw, imperfection
Balinese
jahat bad, immoral, nasty (conduct)
Uma
da-daʔa bad
Bare'e
mampa-ka-jaʔa to make something bad, to spoil
CMP Komodo
daʔ bad, evil
Manggarai
daʔat bad; spoiled, ruined; death, dead
Rembong
daʔat bad
Riung
daʔat bad
OC Label
saka bad
Bali (Uneapa)
zaghata bad
Vitu
zaha bad
Manam
rat-a bad; great
Gitua
sagat-i bad
Nehan
sa bad, evil; wrong
Vaghua
sata bad
Varisi
sakata bad
Ririo
saʔat bad
Lau
tā bad, evil
'Āre'āre
taʔa wrong, bad, evil; be dying, be in a bad condition
Sa'a
taʔa bad; also used as commiseration
Ulawa
mwane taʔa poor fellow
Arosi
taʔa bad, poor; of poor quality; very
taʔa-ha(na) badness, poorness
Hiw
sa bad
Southeast Ambrym
sa bad
Nakanamanga
sa bad
Futuna-Aniwa
sa bad
WMP Maranao
ma-rataʔ bad, disagreeable, wrong, evil
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
me-zaʔat bad; evil; dirty; undesirable
Mongondow
mo-raat bad, foul, rotten
Balaesang
ma-jaʔat bad, rotten, nasty
Bare'e
ma-jaʔa bad, wrong, spoiled, useless, ugly, difficult, unpleasant
Buginese
ma-jaʔ bad
OC Amblong
ma-sat bad
WMP Yami
rahet bad
Itbayaten
raet defect, deficiency, flaw
ka-raet ugliness, badness
ma-raet ugly, bad, unpleasant, evil
mapa-raet disfiguring
pi-raet-en to mislead, make into the wrong way
Hanunóo
daʔút bad, ugly
Hiligaynon
dáʔut to injure, to hurt; to harm, to damage
Cebuano
dáut destroy, make inoperative; to harm, have bad effects on; be in bad health, cause bad health; harm someone with sorcery; speak ill of someone; of the weather, to get bad
daút-an sorceror; bad in character or effect, not auspicious
Binukid
ma-daét bad (in character and effect); dirty, unclean, soiled
pig-daet to destroy something; to ruin, damage something, make something inoperative; to corrupt someone or something; to harm, have bad effects on someone; to harm, kill someone by sorcery
Kelabit
daʔet bad
pe-daʔet say something bad about someone
d<in>aʔet was damaged by someone
Kenyah (Long Anap)
jaʔət bad
Bonerate
daʔo bad, evil
WMP Itbayaten
rayit sewing
Ilokano
dáit sewing; manner of sewing; style of sewing
ag-dáit to sew
pag-dáit needle; sewing thread
pa-náit sewing thread
da-dait-en cloth for sewing
Bontok
dáit to sew
Kankanaey
i-dáit to add; to put, to join something to
Ifugaw
dáit join two woven pieces by sewing them together
Ibaloy
shait sewing; style of sewing, how a thing is sewn
i-shait-an sew something for someone
man-shait to sew
me-nait tailor, dressmaker, seamstress
shait-an sewing machine
Pangasinan
man-dáit to sew
Tagalog
daít placed so close as to be touching; united, fastened, attached
mag-daít to be very close to another or others so as to be touching one another
Yakan
mag-laʔit to sew (clothing, etc.)
Bintulu
jaʔit sewing; sew (imper.)
Melanau (Mukah)
jaʔit to sew
Iban
jait sewing, sew, work with a needle
Tsat
siʔ²⁴ to sew
Malay
jahit sewing, stitching
men-jahit to sew
Toba Batak
jait to sew
Javanese
jait pertaining to sewing
men-jait to make clothing
Balinese
jahit sew, do needlework, stitch
Sasak
jait to sew
Makasarese
jaiʔ sewing
CMP Komodo
daiʔ to sew
Manggarai
jaʔik to sew
OC Mussau
sai-ki to sew, of clothes
Ali
sei to sew
Mekeo (East)
kai-na to sew
Nggela
hai-hai to patch an old garment
Kwaio
tai to sew; close up
futa tai closely related by kinship
tai-a to sew
Lau
tai to sew
tai-a to sew
tai-lā a sewing, a seam
Toqabaqita
tai-a to sew
'Āre'āre
tai-a to entangle (of spider’s web entangling a person); entwine, mix together; jumble up; sew
Arosi
taʔi to sew, join together
Tongan
haʔi to bind (lit. or fig.); (of words) to bracket, put in brackets; binding; bond, that which binds, fetter, etc., or bracket (parenthesis)
haʔi-haʔi to bind round and round so as to make a number of bundles; to bandage
Niue
hai to lash on, tie fast (as in tying two canoes or baskets together)
Samoan
āi sew; seam
WMP Itbayaten
rayt-en to sew
Ilokano
dait-en to sew something
Ibaloy
shait-en to sew, mend something (as dress, a tear)
WMP Malay
jeraŋau the sweet flag, Acorus calamus. A medicinal plant much used as a family remedy for children's complaints
Minangkabau
jariaŋau the sweet flag, Acorus calamus. A medicinal plant much used as a family remedy for children's complaints
Wolio
dariaŋo calamus: kind of plant whose soft rootstocks are used as liniment against pains and worms, and for rubbing pregnant women and children for protection when they go out after dark
WMP Ngaju Dayak
jariŋ a 100-300 foot long cord from which a quantity of nooses are hung down to the near ground level, and into which wild animals are driven with the help of hunting dogs
man-jariŋ to hunt with such a net
Iban
jarin length of stout canes twisted together from which are hung overlapping cane nooses to catch driven deer
ñarin to hunt deer in this way
Malay
jariŋ barrier net – of stake nets drawn across a stream, drift nets in a tideway, and fowlers’ nets (not of seines or dragnets)
Toba Batak
jariŋ net used to catch fish, bats, game and birds
man-jariŋ to hunt with such a net
Sundanese
jariŋ long net used to catch birds, dragnet
ŋa-jariŋ fish with a dragnet
Old Javanese
jariŋ net (to catch fish, birds, kidangs [barking deer])
jariŋ-jariŋ spider web
Javanese
jariŋ net for trapping fish, birds; fig., trick for snaring an unwary person; spider web
jariŋ-an intestines; internal organs
Balinese
jariŋ net; fishing net; net for birds
jariŋ buron a net for wild animals
ñariŋ to catch with a net
jariŋ-jariŋ spider web
Sasak
jariŋ net
je-jariŋ kind of spider
OC Kwaio
tali stuck, be stuck; come to hand, obtain, catch
'Āre'āre
tari to stick in the throat; to be tangled up in, be caught in, be aground, stick fast in
Sa'a
täri land a fish in a landing net; to stick fast in a tree or a noose
Arosi
tari a noose; bring in a profit, enrich, get gain
Maori
tari noose for catching birds, etc.; to ensnare
Formosan Puyuma
darami-en rice straw
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
daRami-an rice straw
Paiwan
djami-a rice straw
WMP Isneg
daxámi straw of rice; namely: that part of the culm that is situated below the place where the ear is cut at the harvest.
(dag)-daxamiy-an the culms or haulms of rice that remain in the field after reaping; a female spirit who makes children sick if they play at the place where the harvest is going on
Bontok
dagámi rice straw
Ifugaw (Batad)
dagāmi rice stubble, i.e. stalks remaining after the upper stalks with rice panicles ... have been harvested, either standing in a pond field, or removed to allow for a second planting
Ayta Abellan
dayami rice husk
Kapampangan
dayami rice straw, rice stubble (Bergaño 1860)
Bikol
dagámi straw
Romblomanon
dagāmi rice stubble
Aklanon
dagámi rice stalk, straw (from rice)
Waray-Waray
dagámi hay, straw
Agutaynen
dalami straw, dried rice stalk
Hiligaynon
dagámi hay, straw
Cebuano
dagámi stalk that has been left after grain or sugar has been harvested
Maranao
ragami rice stalk, straw
Mansaka
dagami straw (of grain)
Kelabit
deramih rice straw, rice stubble (dbl. gəramih)
Kayan
jəmeʔ stubble or straw of rice left in the field after reaping
Kayan (Uma Juman)
jəmiʔ rice stubble, rice straw
Iban
jəramiʔ sacred plants (induʔ padi – lit. ‘rice mother’) in the paddy field after harvest
tanah jəramiʔ ‘stubble’, land harvested of paddy with crops other than grain still to be gathered; land in the first year of fallow
Malay
jerami stubble; rice-aftergrowth; the waste or inedible parts of fruits like the jack and durian
Nias
dami stemlet on the rice kernel; chaff
Rejang
jamay stubble, rice stubble; last season’s ricefield
Old Javanese
dami rice-straw
damy-an stubble
damya-damy-an a whistle made from a rice-stalk
Sangir
dahami fallow ricefield, land left fallow for not more than a year that is covered with newly-sprouted bushes
Tontemboan
raʔami rice straw, a rice-straw flute
ka-raʔami time that the children blow on rice straws (i.e. ‘harvest time’)
Mongondow
dogami brushwood, undergrowth
WMP Bisaya
raŋgaŋ far apart, widely spaced; seldom
Malay
jaraŋ having intervals or interspaces; sparse
Formosan Pazeh
daxem needle
WMP Itbayaten
rayem needle
mar-rayem needle-shaped, needle-like
Mamanwa
dagɨm needle
Manobo (Dibabawon)
dágɨm needle
Mansaka
dagum needle; spear (as of rice)
Formosan Thao
lhalhum needle
pash-lhalhum-an pincushion; place to keep needles
pu-lhalhum to thread a needle
Paiwan
djaum needle
dj<m>aum to use a needle
WMP Yami
rayom needle
Itbayaten
rayem needle
mar-rayem needle-shaped, needle-like
Ilokano
dágum needle
dágum- dágum sting of a bee, wasp, etc.
Isneg
dáxum needle
Itawis
dáhum needle
Casiguran Dumagat
digum needle
ga-digum term for a stage in the growth of rice plants (when they are about three inches high)
Kapampangan
ka-ráyum needle
Bikol
dágom needle
mag-dágom to prick with a needle
Hanunóo
dáyum needle
Hiligaynon
dagum sewing needle; injection needle
Cebuano
dágum needle
d<in>águm pin
Maranao
ragom needle
Binukid
dagum needle
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
raɣum sewing needle
Mansaka
dagum needle; spear (as of rice)
Tiruray
darum needle
Yakan
dalum needle
Tboli
dalum needle
d<m>alum needle-like (as young rice plant)
Iban
jarum (sewing) needle; hand of clock or needle of dial
padi ñau ñarum the padi is sprouting (i.e. like green needles)
Jarai
jrum needle
Malay
jarum needle
men-jarum to sprout, of needle-like plants such as grasses, rice seedlings
Karo Batak
jarum sewing needle; hand of a clock; compass needle
Toba Batak
jarum needle
man-jarum to sew
Rejang
dolom a needle
Javanese
dom needle
ŋe-dom insert a needle/pin into
Balinese
jahum sewing needle
jahum panabokan an awl
Sasak
jarum needle
Sangir
dahuŋ ~ da-rahuŋ needle
Tontemboan
raum ~ raʔum sew or plait thatch for roofing
Mongondow
mo-dagum to sew
do-dagum a needle
tumon-do-dagum be needle-shaped (of new rice sprouts)
Lauje
mon-jauŋ to sew
Bare'e
jau needle
mon-jau to sew
Tae'
darun needle
darun lemo thorn of a citrus tree
Mandar
raruŋ needle
Makasarese
jaruŋ needle
Bonerate
deyu needle
Muna
deu needle (sometimes worn in the cap to ward off malicious spirits)
ka-deu-deu burrs, stickers
Palauan
rasm needle
mə-rasm to sew (cloth or thatching)
CMP Bimanese
ndaʔu needle; to sew
Manggarai
jaruŋ needle
Hawu
ʄau to sew
ʄi-ʄau needle
OC Lou
sou-n pwik needle (lit. ‘needle of flying fox (bone)’
Mussau
raum needle
Kove
salumu needle
Gitua
sarum needle
Wampar
so needle
Nehan
harum needle
Selau
saləm needle
Nggela
i-halu small bone needle for sewing a sail
'Āre'āre
taru-a needle, the bones of a flying fox
Arosi
taru bat’s bone for tattooing
Tongan
hau thin dagger or stiletto, like a giant-sized needle, used in spearing bonito
Samoan
au needle; tattooing comb
Rennellese
au tattooing needle, with a point made of ibis (taghoa) or chicken bone
WMP Tombonuwo
o-rawu far
Supan
adtuʔ far
Belait
jau far
Lun Dayeh
a-do distance
-ado get away from something; put distance between someone and some place
Sa'ban
adiəw far
Berawan (Long Terawan)
dio far
Narum
jaoʔ far
Dali'
jeu far
Kenyah (Long Anap)
coʔ far
Penan (Long Labid)
juʔ far
Murik
su far
Kayan (Uma Bawang)
suʔ far
Kiput
jəuʔ far
Bintulu
jauʔ far
Melanau (Mukah)
jauʔ far
Melanau Dalat
jauʔ far
Tunjung
ncoʔ far
Ngaju Dayak
ke-jau distant (in space or time); very different
Kapuas
ke-jau far
Katingan
ke-cau far
Lawangan
oroʔ far
Paku
oroʔ far
Delang
jooh far
Iban
jauh far, far off, distant, remote
Salako
jauh far
Malay
jauh remoteness
Karo Batak
dauh far; other
pe-dauh-dauh separately from one another
Sundanese
jauh far, far away
Old Javanese
doh a distance, the distance, afar, being far away
a-doh far away, distant
ka-doh-an distance
d<um>oh to go away, withdraw
d<um>oh-i to avoid, evade, shun, forsake, desert, abandon
Javanese
doh far off
ŋe-doh keep something at a distance
d<um>oh far off
woŋ d<um>oh a dull-witted person
Madurese
jau far, distant
Sasak
jaoʔ far
bə-jaoʔ make a distant trip
bə-jaoʔ-an be distantly related to one another
Sangir
dau far distance
Tonsea
douʔ far
Chamorro
chagoʔ far, afar, distant
chagoʔ-ña further, more distant
CMP Bimanese
ɗoʔo far
Dhao/Ndao
do-k far
Rotinese
do-k long; distant, far
Atoni
lo far
Tetun
doo-k far, distant, remote
mata-n doo-k a seer or fortune-teller (lit. ‘distant eyes’)
Mambai
ro far
Galoli
so far
Erai
so far
Tugun
soo far
Kola
yau far
Kamarian
lau far
Paulohi
e-lau far, distant
Asilulu
lau far, distant
pata-lau distant; far (from each other)
Manipa
-lau far
Boano₂
-lou far
SHWNG Buli
lau far, far away
As
i-lau far
Minyaifuin
lau far
OC Aua
rau-a far
Vitu
zau far
Kairiru
i-sau far away
Manam
ʔa-sau far
Takia
a-sau far
Lungga
sou far
Simbo
sau far
Bugotu
hau to be far; a long time
i-hau far; of old
hau-ni to be far off from, distant
Talise
sau-na far
Kwaio
(ta)-tau far, distant; for long
Lau
tau a long way, far off; a long time, always
Toqabaqita
tau be a long time, go on for a long time, last a long time; be far, distant in time (past or future) or in space
Sa'a
haʔa tau to be far off, distant
Arosi
haʔa-tau far off
Mota
sau far
a-sau afar
WMP Lun Dayeh
m-ado far away
Kelabit
ma-do far
Dohoi
ma-hcuʔ far
Madurese
ma-jau distance oneself
Sangir
ma-rau far, distant, remote
CMP Waiyewa
ma-ro far
Lamboya
ma-rau far
Kambera
ma-rau far, at a great distance
WMP Old Javanese
doh doh at a distance, far away
OC Seimat
xau-xau-an far
Takia
a-sau-sau very far
Motu
dau-dau distant; to be distant (of place or time)
WMP Singhi Land Dayak
jawah day (opposed to night)
CMP Yamdena
rawe daybreak, dawn
Buruese
dawa day, the part of the day that is light
Formosan Puyuma
dawa millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.
WMP Yami
rawa ear of grain
Ilokano
dáwa ear of grain
ag-dáwa to develop spikes (rice)
manag- dáwa fruitful
Isneg
dáwa ear, head, spike (of grain)
taŋa-dáwa one ear (of grain)
Itawis
dáwa ear or head of grain
Pangasinan
dawá rice grain (in relation to remainder of rice plant)
Kapampangan
dawa seed (edible)
Tagalog
dáwa millet, Setaria italica (Madulid 2001)
Hanunóo
dáwa Italian millet (Setaria italica [Linn.] Beauv.)
Romblomanon
dāwa pearl millet grass or seed: Pennisetum glaucum (seed grain is cooked as a staple food)
Masbatenyo
dáwa millet (glutinous millet is used to make a dessert)
Abaknon
dawa grain like wheat
Aklanon
dáwa(h) grass; rice grain dessert preparation
Agutaynen
dawa millet, a small grain used for porridge, or chicken feed
dawa small, round grain, such as millet, sesame seeds or poppy seeds (some types can be made into porridge, others can be fed to birds)
Cebuano
dáwa millet: Setaria italica. Widely cultivated, it is most commonly made into budbud [sweet prepared from crushed ingredients (rice, corn, pili nut, millet, etc.) formed into sticks, wrapped in banana leaves and steamed]
dawa-dáwa kind of tall grass bearing spikes similar to millet in appearance: Echinochloa crusgalli
Subanen/Subanun
dawa millet
Binukid
dawa millet
Mansaka
dawa millet (cooked until soft)
Mapun
dawa millet
Yakan
dawa millet: Echinochloa frumentacea or Setaria italica (small-seeded annual cereal and forage grass, often planted at the edge of rice fields)
Tausug
dawa millet, a cereal grass grown in Jolo and available in the market; Italian millet (Setaria italica)
Ngaju Dayak
jawæ a plant resembling sugarcane but smaller, only about one finger thick, with many stalks that support grain in a black hull; the curved grains are somewhat smaller than rice grains, and are eaten cooked, having a taste somewhat like rice, but greasier; in central Borneo jawæ is often planted as a substitute for rice
Iban
jawaʔ millet, especially Bulrush millet, Pennisetum typhoideum; jawaʔ is planted with the padi, but not as a main crop
jawaʔ jambai superior kind of millet with long ear
Karo Batak
dawa a kind of grain
Old Javanese
jawa a grain (in particular barley or millet?). Perhaps a Prakrit form of Sanskrit yawa (barley). Was barley known in Java? Or should we assume jawa = jawawut (millet)?
Balinese
jawa millet
WMP Palawan Batak
dɨkɨt burn (Reid 1971)
Cebuano
dukút for fire to catch to something
Miri
jukat to burn (rubbish, the fields)
OC Arosi
togo make up a fire, set more wood on
WMP Mapun
dallaʔ tongue
Yakan
dellaʔ tongue
mag-dellaʔ tuwak a triangular tear, as in clothing
Sama (Central)
dəllaʔ tongue
Berawan (Long Terawan)
jəli tongue
Miri
jəleʔ tongue
Kenyah (Long Anap)
jəlaʔ tongue
Murik
jəla tongue
Wahau
tlæʔ tongue
Gaai
klae̯ʔ tongue
Kelai
klæʔ tongue
Mei Lan Modang
tələa̯ʔ tongue
Woq Helaq Modang
tələa̯ʔ tongue
Long Gelat Modang
təleʔ tongue
Kayan (Uma Juman)
jəla tongue
Bintulu
jəlaʔ tongue
Melanau (Mukah)
jəlaʔ tongue
Melanau Dalat
jəlaʔ tongue
Bukat
jalaʔ tongue
Tunjung
cəlaʔ tongue
Lawangan
lola tongue
Ma'anyan
lelaʔ tongue
Malagasy
lela tongue; blade of a knife, sword, etc.
lela-na talkative, vociferous
lel-afo a flame, a blaze (< lela + afo ‘fire’)
Nias
lela tongue
Wolio
dela tongue
Muna
lela tongue (also of instruments)
lela ghule boaster, big talker (lit. ‘snake tongue’)
WMP Maranao
delay Job’s tears: Coix lachryma-jobi
Subanen/Subanun
delay Job’s tears: Coix lachryma-jobi
Bintulu
jəlay kind of cultivated plant
Ngaju Dayak
jeley a plant similar to millet, but with larger grains that are round and yellowish
Malay
jelay millet, Aphania pancijuga
buah jelay seeds of Coix lachryma-jobi, used as rosary beads
Bare'e
jole native maize: Coix agrestis
jole goa Makasar maize: Zea mays
Tae'
dalle maize: Zea mays
dalle sisikan Job’s tears: Coix lachryma-jobi L., a plant with seed heads like the riceplant that contains numerous oval seeds; it is an edible plant, the seeds of which are pounded and then cooked, and also used as beads
CMP Manggarai
sela Job’s tears: Coix lachryma-jobi L.
Rotinese
dele kind of millet that is especially important as a foodstuff in eastern Roti
WMP Iban
jeliŋ look from the corners of the eyes
Malay
jeliŋ give a side-glance full of meaning
Karo Batak
jeliŋ cross-eyed
Toba Batak
joliŋ slanting, inclined
Balinese
jileŋ <M squint, be cross-eyed
WMP Cebuano
duldúl kapok fiber or tree: Ceiba pentandra. The pods produce a cotton-like fiber which is used as furniture stuffing
Ngaju Dayak
jejel material used for stopping something up
Malay
jejal close an orifice with stuffing of any sort
WMP Karo Batak
jemak hold something tightly in the hand
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
jemak grasp in the hand
Toba Batak
jomak grasp something with the whole hand
Balinese
jemak pick up, take, seize, stretch out a hand for something, grasp
CMP Manggarai
demak grope for something in a hole or cave; pick someone's pocket, take without permission
WMP Iban
jeŋkoŋ curved handle (as on a pail, teapot)
Banggai
deŋkuŋ curly, of the hair
OC Arosi
toku bent, of an arm which cannot be straightened
WMP Iban
jempit crushed
Malay (Jakarta)
jepit nip, catch between pincers
Javanese
jepèt, jepit pinched tightly (in a clip, etc.)
Uma
jopiʔ narrow
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
deǥa to frighten or discourage someone or some creature from repeating an action
Tiruray
dera feeling uncared for, sulky as a manifestation of hurt feelings rather than real anger
Iban
jeraʔ learn by experience (‘the hard way’), have one’s fill, get one’s fingers burned, be fed up with; (poetic) fearful, crazed
Malay
jera deterred; warned by experience
WMP Old Javanese
jilak partial eye defect (cross-eyed?)
OC Rotuman
jila squint, be crossed (eyes)
WMP Ilokano
ag-dílat to stick out the tongue
dilát-an to stick out the tongue at someone
Pangasinan
dilát to stick out the tongue
Malay
jilat to lick or lick up, of touching with the tongue, of a dog licking up food; of a dancing girl picking up coins with her lips
Karo Batak
n-dilat to lick, give a lick
n-dilat-i to lick something off
Toba Batak
man-dilat to lick
WMP Minangkabau
jilataŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp.
Lampung
jilatoŋ stinging nettle: Laportea spp.
OC Roviana
jilatoŋo kind of nettle
Marovo
zilatoŋo nettle varieties: Laportea interrupta and L. ruderalis
Merlav
ne-silat nettle: Dendrocnide sp.
WMP Cebuano
díkit be close so as to touch, put something close to touch it
liŋkít for two things to be joined along their lengths
Maranao
riŋkit stick together
Sundanese
jéŋkét stuck together, as the hair
WMP Isneg
díta venom, poison. Whether natural (as in snakes, etc.) or artificial (for arrowheads, etc.). Obtained by boiling the bark of the lanúg vine or that of the díta tree; a forest tree whose bark, when boiled, yields a poison to be smeared on arrowheads, etc.
Pangasinan
ditá venom, poison secreted by snakes and other animals; to smear poison on an arrowhead, etc.
Bisaya (Limbang)
riteʔ blowpipe poison
Malay
akar jitah a liana, Willughbeia spp.
WMP Chamorro
cecet hiss, call by hissing sound, call attention to
OC Samoan
sisi hiss (to summon someone without attracting attention)
WMP Tingalan (West)
a-jiuʔ to bathe
Kelabit
diuʔ bathe
OC Bugotu
siu bathe, wash oneself
Nggela
siu, siu-vi bathe
Lau
siu, siu-fi bathe, wash standing in water
WMP Tagalog
díri feeling of loathing for what is foul or filthy
Malay
jiji disgust
WMP Chamorro
cicéʔ grin (showing teeth); smile (toothy), gritting teeth
OC Manam
ao-sisi to smile
Gedaged
sisi draw up the lips, as when smiling, draw the lips away from the teeth (in grinning, smiling)
Sa'a
sisi to grin like a dog, lay bare the teeth
Arosi
sisi lay bare, show the teeth, as a dog grinning
WMP Minangkabau
jijir grinning, showing the teeth
OC Manam
ao-sisi to smile
Gedaged
sisi draw up the lips, as when smiling, draw the lips away from the teeth (in grinning, smiling)
Sa'a
sisi to grin like a dog, lay bare the teeth
Arosi
sisi lay bare, show the teeth, as a dog grinning
WMP Toba Batak
duhut grass, plants
duhut-duhut weeds
Nias
duʔu grass, weeds
mo-duʔu be overgrown with grass or weeds
Sundanese
jukut grass, vegetables
Old Javanese
dukut grass
ḍukut grass
Javanese
dukut grass
Tonsea
dukut grass
CMP Hawu
juʔu grass
WMP Tboli
dulak to spit
Kenyah
julaʔ spittle
Kenyah (Long Dunin)
ñulaʔ to spit, expectorate
Bintulu
bə-julaʔ to spit
Taboyan
ñura to spit, expectorate
Sasak
julaʔ saliva, spittle
bə-julaʔ to spit
julaʔ-in to be spat upon
julaʔ ladaʔ the first betel spittle, first expectoration after chewing areca nut
WMP Ilokano
dulíŋ slightly cross-eyes
ag-dulíŋ-dulíŋ to be cross-eyed
Pangasinan
dolíŋ cross-eyed
Tagalog
dulíŋ cross-eyed; cock-eyed; having both eyes turned toward the nose
Cebuano
dulíŋ cross-eyed
Iban
juliŋ squint; uneven, slanting
Malay
juliŋ squint; cast in eye
juliŋ bər-taŋkap cross-eyed
Formosan Paiwan
pa-djulu prepare something in advance
WMP Sasak
juluʔ do something before another
julu-an earlier, former
WMP Tagalog
dulóŋ lake goby or anchovy fry
Malay
juluŋ-juluŋ kind of freshwater fish
WMP Malagasy
jokoka cattle whose horns turn down (Provincial)
Malay
joŋkok to squat
CMP Manggarai
dukuk bend down (as when going to sit)
Ngadha
duku to bend, bow, incline the body forward; bend down, stoop
WMP Malay
junjoŋ supporting on the head (of a hawker carrying a basket on his head, a warrior raising his club over his head before striking, and of fixing gun shields on guns); indirectly, of props on which a thing rests; fig. obeying
Karo Batak
er-jujuŋ carry something on the head
jujuŋ-en wages for something, above all for someone who will join in a fight
Toba Batak
man-juŋjuŋ carry something on the head
hau juŋjuŋ buhit a forest tree that is used as an offering pole; male figures of the two gods of life are cut from its wood
Sundanese
ŋa-juŋjuŋ lift up, raise; also to raise in function or dignity
Old Javanese
ka-juŋjuŋ to life; to raise in rank
Balinese
junjuŋ carry on the head
juŋjuŋ to praise highly, flatter
Sasak
bə-junjuŋ hold something above one’s head
tə-junjuŋ to boast, exalt oneself
Tae'
duduŋ take or carry on the head
pa-duduŋ-i give someone something to carry on the head
Buginese
jujuŋ carrying on the head
n-cujuŋ to carry on the head
Makasarese
aʔ-jujuŋ take or carry on the head (as a basket full of rice)
pa-jujuŋ people (especially women) who carry loads on their heads
WMP Mapun
duruŋ-an carry something on one’s head (as laundry)
Javanese
junjuŋ-an a burden
junjuŋ-junjuŋ-an lifting, raising
Tae'
duduŋ-an that which is carried on the head
Makasarese
jujuŋ-aŋ load to be carried on the head
WMP Ilokano
dúgo corner post of a house (one of four); backbone; foundation; monument
Bontok
dúgu the corner of a rice terrace
Ifugaw (Batad)
dūgu a roof-ridge rafter of a traditional house; a corner line of a box, building basket (reference is to the exterior or interior line where two converging walls of a building meet; a horizontal or oblique line where two sides of a box or basket meet, as of a colander basket
Ibaloy
shogo corner (as of a house)
i-shogo place something in a corner
man-shogo put oneself in a corner
Maranao
rogo corner
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
ruǥu a partitioned off sleeping room
Tausug
dugu a corner, a place behind (something); to do something in secret, in a corner
Malay
pen-juru corner; section, quarter
Gayō
duru side; room of a house near the doorway
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
duru side, edge of a field
men-duru-duru keep at a distance; commit adultery
ter-duru be put on the side, as someone who will receive attention later
Toba Batak
duru side, edge, corner
man-duru-i be undecided about something
pa-duru push to the side
tar-duru be pushed to the side
Lampung
juyu back side
Sundanese
juru external corner, as of a mat, a house, a fence, etc.
Old Javanese
du ~ dū corner, side, edge
WMP Tagalog
dugóʔ blood
ka-dugóʔ blood relation, one who is related by blood
d<in>ugu-án a dish made with pig's or cow's blood
dugu-án bloody, covered with blood
dugu-ín to have a hemorrhage
Bikol
dugóʔ blood
ma-dugóʔ bloody, gory
mag-dugóʔ to bleed
Hanunóo
dugúʔ blood
Masbatenyo
dugóʔ blood
mag-dugóʔ to bleed
duguʔ-ón be blood-stained
Aklanon
dugóʔ blood; to bleed
pa-dugóʔ to bleed, let bleed
d<in>ugo-án a Filipino dish made from the blood and intestines of pigs, chickens, etc.
Waray-Waray
dugóʔ blood
ma-dugóʔ bloody, stained with blood
dugoʔ-ón bloody, stained with blood
Hiligaynon
dugúʔ blood
mag-dugúʔ to bleed
Maranao
rogoʔ blood
Mansaka
dogoʔ to bleed, menstruate
ma-dogoʔ bleeding profusely
Tausug
duguʔ blood; one's life; a blood relative
mag-duguʔ to bleed
ka-duguʔ-an to bleed
duguʔ-un to experience menstruation
Abai Sembuak
duuʔ honey
Ida'an Begak
dduʔ juice, broth; make into broth
Lun Dayeh
duruʔ honey
Kelabit
duruʔ honey
Melanau (Mukah)
juuʔ juice (of fruit), sap (of tree); gravy
juuʔ bəñuh coconut cream
Ngaju Dayak
joho broth of meat or fish; sap, juice, fluid, liquid
ha-joho having broth, sap or milk
Malay
juroh syrup made of native sugar
Karo Batak
duruh plant sap; milk
Old Javanese
duh juice, sap, oil (for a lamp)
a-duh to contain fluid
Mongondow
duguʔ blood
d<m>uguʔ to bleed
duguʔ-an bloody, blood-stained
Tae'
duro specks of shiny oil on water or in a sauce
Chamorro
chugoʔ sap, juice (as from an orange); pus; semen
SHWNG Numfor
rur juice of fruits; decoction produced from boiling leaves; boiled water
OC Nauna
cuy soup
Baluan
suy soup
Lou
si soup
Loniu
cuy soup
Likum
su soup
Bali (Uneapa)
zuruka coconut milk
Vitu
zuruka liquid, soup, juice
zuruka paido coconut juice
Kove
suhu liquid (as from a plant)
Manam
suru soup
Gitua
suru prepared potable liquid: includes juice, coconut water, soup, tea, coffee, etc.
Molima
sulu coconut milk
Lau
sulu liquid, oil, juice, sap
sulu-a watery; to melt
sulu liquid, oil, juice, sap
sulu-a watery
sulu-na green, of timber; melted, running, liquified; to melt
Toqabaqita
sulu juice, liquid of fruit; broth, sauce, gravy (in cooking)
sulu-na niu the water of a coconut
'Āre'āre
suru boiled coconut cream
Sa'a
sulu liquid, water
sulu ni wai water
sulu ni niu the liquid of a green coconut
Arosi
suru coconut milk, liquid of coconut; yam soup with strained coconut scrapings and cabbage, octopus, etc.
Rotuman
sū juice of a ripe coconut
Fijian
su broth, soup
Tongan
hū wet
Niue
paha-hū damp, wet by dew
Samoan
sū be moist; (of taro) be watery
Rennellese
suu to be wet, damp, moist (as fleshy food; contrasting with vegetables)
Hawaiian
ū moist; to drip, drizzle; impregnated, as with salt
WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
dudut to pluck, as feathers from a chicken or weeds from the ground
Melanau (Mukah)
dudut pull out, as a post or a tree; pluck feathers
Malay
jonjot (secondary prenasalization) picking fibrous stuff, e.g. oakum
Minangkabau
jujut picking fibrous stuff, e.g. oakum
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 2/10/2019
email: Blust (content)
Trussel (production)
CognateSets-Index-z