MCD - Micronesian Comparative Dictionary

PMc *taa, taa-ki chop

Woleaian	saasa	to gash, slash, cut, split, chop
	saa-gi-(i)	stab it, slash it, gash it, cut it, chop it
Marshallese	jek, jékjék	to cut, hew, chop, prune, salute with the hands
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*taRa	(Geraghty 1990, who infers a Proto-Micronesian *taa)
Uraustronesisch	*taRaq	·chop

— Cf. —

Kusaiean	tiyεt	dissect, cut up
	tiye	dissect (it), cut (it) open
	tiyok, tiyɔk	get out

Marshallese short vowel unexplained.

PCMc *taa, taa-ni to like, be fond

Trukese	saasa	to like, be fond
	saa-ni	to like it
Kiribati	taa-na	be enamored of, like (something)

Cf. Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic *taka, taka-ni ‘stomach, have stomach for’.

PCMc *taapa knife

Trukese	saap, saape-(n)	knife, knife of
Mortlockese	saap	·knife
Kiribati	taaba	knife
	taaba	to pare (something), whittle, scrape

— Cf. —

Kusaiean

tæ

wooden knife

PCMc *taaw(ae) ashamed

Trukese	sááw	be ashamed
	sááwá-ási-ni	be ashamed because of him
	(á)-ssááw	embarrasing, causing embarrassment
Puluwatese	háwo [sic]	·ashamed
Saipan Carolinian·T	hááw	·ashamed
Kiribati	taawa-i	ashamed because of failure to succeed

PCMc *tae, tae-ki- removed

Trukese	sá, sáá-	be removed, emptied
	sáá-si	remove it
Puluwatese	háá-ki-(y)	remove (as clothes)
Saipan Carolinian	sáá-ghi	lift, move, or remove (something)
Saipan Carolinian·T	háá-gi	lift, move, or remove (something)
Woleaian	saa-saa	peel off
	saa-gi-(i)	peel it off
Proto-Chuukic	*tae, tae-ki-	·removed
Kiribati	tae	extracted, drawn out
	tae-ki-(a)	root it up, tear it up

PMc *tafa, tafa-si to cut in pieces, slice

Satawalese	safasaf	to cut, slice
	safá-ti	cut or slice (something)
Woleaian	tafatafe	to cut, slice, write (by carving letters)
	#tefa-(a), #tefa-(li-i)	cut it, slice it
Ulithian	taftaf	to slice
Pulo-Annan	tada	to slice soft things
	tadatada	to slice, cut
Proto-Chuukic	*tafa, tafatafa	·to cut in pieces, slice
Ponapeian	sap	to cut into pieces
	sεpε	cut (something) into pieces
Marshallese	jay	to cut, chop
Kusaiean	tæ-t	chop
	twe	to chop or cut (something)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tafa, tafa-si	to cut (Geraghty 1983)
Fijian	tava	cut with a knife
Proto-Polynesian	*tafa	to cut
Sa’a	aha, aha-si	to cut, score, notch
Arosi	aha, aha-si	to cut, sever, score, notch
Kwaio	afa	to mark, incise
Proto–Malayo-Polynesian	*tabas	cut away underbrush (Blust 1980:92)

— Cf. —

Pulo-Annan

tapatapa

to cut, split

Cf. also Proto-Micronesian (?) *[sS]afi₁ ‘pick, pluck, tear off’, Proto-Micronesian *[sS]afa, [sS]afa-ŋi- ‘to gather, pick’, Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic *daf[ei] ‘be open’, Proto-Micronesian *tapa, tapatapa, tapa-ki ‘be cut, lopped, to cut (something) off’.

PWMc *tafaali again, return

Trukese	sefáán, sáfáán, sefááni-(n), sefáánni-(n), sefánni-(n)	again, once more, return, return of
Mortlockese	sεfááli	do (something) again, return (something)
Puluwatese	háfááll, háfalli-, háfááli-	·again, return
Saipan Carolinian	sefáál, sefáále-	·again, return
Saipan Carolinian·T	hafáál	·again, return
Satawalese	sefáán	·again, return
Woleaian	tefaali	·again, return
Pulo-Annan	-tadani	·again, return
Proto-Chuukic	*tafaali, tafaalli	·again, return
Ponapeian	sapaal	repeat an activity, do again
Mokilese	japaal	·again, return
Marshallese	jahaḷ	turn a vehicle

— Cf. —

Kusaiean

tæpʌl

to turn

PMc *tai, ta- not

Trukese	-se, se-, sa-	·not
Mortlockese	-se	·not
Puluwatese	-há	·not
Saipan Carolinian	-se	·not
Saipan Carolinian·T	-he	·not
Satawalese	-se	·not
Woleaian	-tai, ta-	·not
Ulithian	-te, te-, -ta	·not (Bender et al. 1984)
Pulo-Annan	ta-	not (negative prefix)
Proto-Chuukic	*-tai, ta-	·not
Ponapeian	sa-, sai(kintε)	not yet
Mokilese	ja-	·not
Pingilapese	ja-	·not
Marshallese	ja-, ja-(kʷkʷiréyréy)	seldom play, not be athletic (k^wk^wiréy play)
	ja-(rreŋʷreŋʷ)	deaf, hard of hearing (reŋ^w hear)
Kiribati	-tai	negative imperative aspect marker
Kusaiean	se-, sʌ-, sʌ-	·not

PMc *taitai, tai-mi, tai-ma sharpen

Trukese	seyi-mi	sharpen it
	seyi-m, #seyi-mi-(n)	whetstone
Mortlockese	sayisey	·sharpen (Bender et al. 1984)
Puluwatese	háyi-mi	·sharpen
Saipan Carolinian	seisey, sei-mi	·sharpen
Satawalese	sái-mi	·sharpen
Woleaian	taitei, tai-mi-(i)	·sharpen
Pulo-Annan	taetae, tae-mi [sic]	·sharpen
Proto-Chuukic	*taitai, tai-mi-	·sharpen
Ponapeian	sεysεy	be sharpened
	say-m	·sharpen
Marshallese	jémjém	sharpen, whet
	jem-(ey)	sharpen (something)
Kiribati	tai-mi-(a)	sharpen it
	tai-ma	sharpen (something)
Kusaiean	twe-twe	sharpen
	twe-m	whetstone
Proto-Oceanic	*tajim	·sharpen (Ross 1988)
Uraustronesisch	*tazim.	·sharpen

PWMc *takaka slice of copra

Trukese	sakka-n, #ssaka-n	slice of it (of copra or meat of ripe coconut)
	-ssak	slice of copra
	(a)-ssak	to cut copra, extract copra from the coconut shell
	(a)-sakka, #(a)-ssaka	to cut it (copra)
Puluwatese	#haakk, hakka-n	halved husked coconut shell, slice of it
	-hakk	slice of copra (in counting)
Saipan Carolinian	(a)-sakk	slices of copra
	(a)-sakka	to slice (copra)
Saipan Carolinian·T	(a)-hakk	slices of copra
	(a)-hakka	to slice (copra)
Woleaian	tegagú	shell (of skull, coconut), cup
	tegagú-ch-chimʷe (< *tegagú-li-shimʷe)	skull
Pulo-Annan	takkakkú-(ase)	navigators cup with a handle
Proto-Chuukic	*takak[aú]	·slice of copra
Marshallese	jekak	copra pieces taken out of the shell

— Cf. —

Mokilese	dakdak, daka-j	remove meat from a coconut
	(óriŋ) dakdak	copra
Kiribati	takataka	copra
	takataka	be very dry (as the kernel of a ripe coconut)
Kusaiean	kaki	copra, mature coconut

PMc *takuru back (of body)

Trukese	sékúr, sékúrú-	·back (of body)
Mortlockese	sakúré-	·back (of body)
Puluwatese	hakúr	·back (of body)
Saipan Carolinian	saghúr	·back (of body)
Saipan Carolinian·T	hagúr	·back (of body)
Satawalese	sakúrú-	·back (of body)
Woleaian	taguru	·back (of body)
Pulo-Annan	talúkú	·back (of body)
Proto-Chuukic	*takúrú	·back (of body)
Marshallese	jakʷir	shell of turtle or crab
Kiribati	akuu	(showing loss of t when followed by k)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*takuRu	·back (of body) (Geraghty 1990)

— Cf. —

Kusaiean	tok, tɔkɔ-(l), tuku-(n)	back, his back, back of
Proto-Oceanic	*takuR, dakuR	·back (of body) (Ross 1988)
Fijian	daku	·back (of body)

PMc *tala, tala-[sS]i slack, loosen

Trukese	sene-ti	untie, loosen (a rope)
Puluwatese	hále-ti-(y)	untie, disentangle, excuse, pardon (something)
Saipan Carolinian	sáli-ti	to relax or reduce (tension), make peace between (people)
Satawalese	sáni-ti	untie (something)
Woleaian	tela-ti-(i)	untangle, free, solve (something)
Pulo-Annan	tana-ti	to save, rescue, forgive
Proto-Chuukic	*tala-di-	·slack, loosen
Mokilese	jala-d	to release or untie (rope)
	jal-d-εk	be free, be ones own boss
Marshallese	jaḷjaḷ	to loosen, unwind, unsnarl
Kiribati	tana-ra	to loose (anothers hold), take off (ornaments after the dance)
	(ma)-tana	be slack
	(ka-ma)-tana-a	to loosen, slacken (something)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tala, tala-[sz]i	·slack, loosen
Fijian	tala, tala-ca	clear rubbish away
Proto-Polynesian	*tala	untie, undo

PMc *talai adze

Trukese	sene, senee-(n)	adze, adze of
	senee-ni	chop (it) with an adze
Mortlockese	sále	·adze
Puluwatese	hele	·adze
Saipan Carolinian	sele	·adze
Saipan Carolinian·T	hele	·adze
Woleaian	telaa	·adze
Pulo-Annan	tanae	·adze
Proto-Chuukic	*talai	·adze
Ponapeian	silε	·adze
Marshallese	jéljél	stone axe
Kiribati	tanai	adze
Kusaiean	tʌla	axe
	tulʷe-(n-yʌk)	adze

— Cf. —

Sa’a	’ala	to break off or lop (of branches)
Arosi	ara, ara-i	to chop, chop down (a tree)
	ara-ra’i	to chop

PCMc *tale clear, distinct

Trukese	sáná-, sáne- ?	prominent, standing out
Ponapeian	sansal	clear, evident, obvious
Mokilese	janjal	clear (of speech), open, obvious
Kiribati	tane	clear, distinct

PMc *tali rope

Trukese	sáán, seni-(n)	rope, rope of
	seni, seni-iy	coil or wind (a rope)
Mortlockese	sáál, sεlé-(n)	·rope
Puluwatese	háál, háli-(n)	rigging, rigging of
Saipan Carolinian	sáál, sáli-l	rope, rope of
	sáli	to coil (a rope)
Saipan Carolinian·T	heli	to coil (a rope)
Satawalese	sáán	rope, line, sennit
Woleaian	taali, tan-ni	rope, line, rope of
	tali-i	tug or pull (a rope)
Pulo-Annan	taani, tani-	rope
Sonsorolese	taani	rope, string
Proto-Chuukic	*tali	·rope
Ponapeian	saal	rope, cord, string
	sal	to gather rope, haul on a line
Mokilese	jɔl	rope
	jal	to wind (rope)
Marshallese	jaljél	roll up or coil
	jaliy	roll or coil up (rope)
Kiribati	tan	to turn
	tana	to wind sennit on the left hand
Kusaiean	səl	·rope
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tali	rope (Geraghty 1983)
Fijian	tali	rope, plait, interweave
	dali	a pandanus tree from which rope is made
Proto-Polynesian	*taLi	to plait
Sa’a	’ali	a cord
Arosi	ari	rope [tari rope of special kind is an evident loan]
Kwaio	ali	plait
West Nakanai	tali-a	to coil [rope]
	tali [la-sulabe]	make a vine binding for a climber's feet
Uraustronesisch	*tali	·rope

— Cf. —

Yapese

tael

rope, string

PCMc *tali- facing

Trukese	seni-(kásá)	board connecting outrigger booms on the lee (ásá) side
Marshallese	jaḷ-	to face (with directional suffixes)
Kiribati	tan-, tani-	at the facing side (of an island), facing (hither or away) (with directional suffixes)

Marshallese heavy ḷ results from assimilation to following directionals, which begin with heavy consonants.

PCMc *talia side dish of meat, fish, or sauce

Trukese	seni, seniya-(n)	side dish, his side dish
	seniye-ni	put as a side dish to (something)
Puluwatese	hááliy [sic]	accompanying food
	háliya-le-(y)	to eat (something) as accompanying food
Saipan Carolinian	sáliya-, sáliyáli, sáliili	meat or sauce eaten together with rice or taro
Proto-Chuukic	*taliya	·side dish of meat, fish, or sauce
Ponapeian	sali	eat meat or fish, the meat or fish part of a meal
	saliε	eat (the meat or fish part of a meal)
Marshallese	jaléyléy	meat course, sauce, gravy
Kiribati	tanna (<*tania)	sauce, relish, appetizer

PCMc *talilapa builder, bind together

Trukese	sennap, sannap	canoe builder
Puluwatese	hállap, héllap, hállapá-n	builder, builder of
Saipan Carolinian	sellap	expert canoe builder
Saipan Carolinian·T	hallap	·builder, bind together
Woleaian	sennape	canoe builder, master craftsman
Proto-Chuukic	tallapa (< talilapa)	·builder, bind together
Kiribati	tannaba-a	to wind (something) up (as fishline)

PMc *taliŋa ear, mushroom, fungus

Trukese	seniŋ, seniŋa-(n)	ear, his ear
	seniŋe-(n soomá), seniŋe-(n énú), seniŋe-(n soope)	any of a large number of fungi (lit. ghost's ear, spirit's ear)
	(pʷo)-sseniŋ	moldy smell, earthy smell, to smell moldy
Mortlockese	sáliŋa-	·ear, mushroom, fungus
Puluwatese	háliŋ, háliŋá-(n), háliŋá-(n hoomá)	tree fungus, mushroom
Saipan Carolinian	sáliŋ, (bʷoo)-sáliŋ	smell musty or moldy from long storage
Saipan Carolinian·T	heliŋ	·ear, mushroom, fungus
Satawalese	sáliŋ, sáliŋa-	·ear, mushroom, fungus
Woleaian	taliŋe	ear
	taliŋa-(a)	listen to, obey
Pulo-Annan	taniŋa	·ear, mushroom, fungus
Sonsorolese	táriŋa	·ear, mushroom, fungus
Proto-Chuukic	*taliŋa	·ear, mushroom, fungus
Ponapeian	salεŋ, salεŋε	ear, his ear
	salεŋε-n εni	fungus, mushroom (lit. ear of ghost)
Mokilese	jaleŋ-(walek)	big-ear taro
Marshallese	(law-)jilŋ(iy)	ear
Kiribati	taniŋa	·ear, mushroom, fungus
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*taliŋa	·ear, mushroom, fungus (Geraghty 1983)
Fijian	daliga	·ear, mushroom, fungus
Proto-Polynesian	*taliŋa	·ear, mushroom, fungus
Rotuman	faliga	·ear, mushroom, fungus
Sa’a	’aliŋe	ear, mushroom
Lau	aliŋa	ear
Kwaio	aliŋa	mushroom
Proto-Kimbe	*taliŋa	ear, edible fungus
Proto-Austronesian	*taliŋa	·ear, mushroom, fungus

PMc *tama father

Trukese	saam, seme-(n)	father, father of
	sama-(n), sema-(n)	his father
	samasam	treat as a father
	seme-ni	acquire as a father
Mortlockese	sama-	·father
Puluwatese	hama-(n)	his father
	hamá-(n)	father of
Saipan Carolinian	saam	father
	sema-(l)	his father
Saipan Carolinian·T	haam	·father
Satawalese	saam, sema-	·father
Woleaian	taame, tema-(li)	father, father of
	tema-li-(i)	have him as a father
Pulo-Annan	taama, tama-	·father
Sonsorolese	tama [sic]	·father
Proto-Chuukic	*tama	·father
Ponapeian	saam, sεmε	father, his father
Mokilese	jema-(a)	his father
Pingilapese	seme-	·father
Marshallese	jema-	·father
Kiribati	tama-(na)	his father
Kusaiean	tʌmʷε-(l)	his father
Proto-Oceanic	*tama	·father (Ross 1988)
Fijian	tama	·father
Sa’a	’ama-	father [referential]
	ma’a	father [vocative]
Bugotu	tama-	·father
Lau	maa	father [vocative]
Arosi	ama-	·father
Kwaio	ama-[na]	·father
Proto-Kimbe	tama	father
Proto-Austronesian	*tama	·father (Ross 1988)

PWMc *tanisi finger or toe

Ponapeian	sεnd	appendage, finger, toe
	sεndi-(n pεε)	finger
Mokilese	jaid, jandi-(n)	finger or toe, finger or toe of
Marshallese	janit, janti-(n)	finger, crab claw, finger of

PMc *tanitani skin disease

Trukese	senisen	tinea, ringworm
	(pʷoo)-senisen	smell of ringworm
Ponapeian	sensen	skin disease caused by a fungus, be moldy or old tasting
	(pʷoo)-sensen	moldy smelling
Marshallese	jan	skin disease, white spots on skin
Kiribati	tantan	spotted (as the skin)
Kusaiean	tʌn	a skin disease

PMc *tano ground, low

Trukese	sóón, sónu-n, ó-sóna	level ground, leveled site of, make it level (of ground)
	sónó-(ŋŋaw)	uneven
	(teki)-són	be low, humble
	(mó)-sónó-són	meek, humble, lowly
Puluwatese	hóón, hóno-	surface, ground
	hóno-(fiR)	be smooth, level, flat
	hóón	bottom
	hón	to be lower
	(taki)-hón	be low, short
Saipan Carolinian	sóssól	be low, be near the ground, be low in rank or grade
Satawalese	sóól	land, soil
Woleaian	taalo, talo-	earth, soil, ground
Pulo-Annan	totano [sic]	earth, ground
Proto-Chuukic	*tano	·ground, low
Ponapeian	sɔn	aligned, settled, arranged, ordered
Kiribati	tano	earth, soil
Proto-Oceanic	*tanoq	·ground, low (Ross 1988)
Sa’a	’ano	ground
Bugotu	tano	earth, ground
Arosi	ano	ground, [i]-ano down
	[i]-’ano	down
Kwaio	ano	land, ground
Proto-Nakanai	*-tano	down, westward

— Cf. —

Woleaian	saalo, salo-, taalo, talo-	west, downward
	-salo	below, downside

— Note —

Tongan	tano	place of burial, cemetery
	tanu	to bury or intern (something)
Bugotu	tano	earth, ground
	tanu-vi	to dip, soak in water
Kwaio	ano	ground
	alu	bury
Proto-Oceanic	tanoq	earth (Ross 1988)
Uraustronesisch	*tanem	bury, plant

Cf. also Proto-Chuukic *itano ‘deposited, put away’. See Marck (1994:317) Proto-Micronesian *tano ‘soil, earth, ground’.

PMc *tano-mi- to catch (water) in a container

Mortlockese	sano-mi	·to catch (water) in a container
Satawalese	sólo-mi	·to catch (water) in a container
Woleaian	talo-mi-(i)	·to catch (water) in a container
Proto-Chuukic	*tano-mi-	·to catch (water) in a container
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tano	·to catch (water) in a container
Fijian	tano-a	large wooden bowl for preparing kava
Bugotu	tano	to collect

PMc *tañifa a small fish

Trukese	senif, senife-(n)	herring, herring of
Puluwatese	hánif, hánifá-(y)	anchovy, anchovy of
Saipan Carolinian	sálif	species of small fish
Proto-Chuukic	*ta[nñ]ifa	·a small fish
Ponapeian	sayp	sardine
Mokilese	jayp	fish species
Kusaiean	tʌi	a kind of fish

PWMc *taŋi from (something), away from (usually suffixed to verbs)

Trukese	seni	·from (something), away from (usually suffixed to verbs)
Mortlockese	saŋε	·from (something), away from (usually suffixed to verbs)
Puluwatese	háŋi	·from (something), away from (usually suffixed to verbs)
Saipan Carolinian	sáŋi, seŋi	·from (something), away from (usually suffixed to verbs)
Saipan Carolinian·T	heŋi	·from (something), away from (usually suffixed to verbs)
Satawalese	sáŋi	·from (something), away from (usually suffixed to verbs)
Woleaian	taŋi	·from (something), away from (usually suffixed to verbs)
Proto-Chuukic	*taŋi	·from (something), away from (usually suffixed to verbs)
Ponapeian	-saŋ	from, in oposition to
Mokilese	-jaŋ	from, than
Pingilapese	-saŋ	·from (something), away from (usually suffixed to verbs)
Marshallese	jan	·from (something), away from (usually suffixed to verbs)

The Marshallese n is unexpected.

PMc *taŋi, taŋi-Si- cry, weep

Mortlockese	sáŋ, sáŋisáŋ	·cry, weep
Puluwatese	háŋ	·cry, weep
Saipan Carolinian	sáŋ, sáŋisáŋ	cry
	sáŋi-ti	cry at (someone)
Saipan Carolinian·T	heŋ	·cry, weep
Woleaian	taŋi, taŋiteŋi	·cry, weep
Pulo-Annan	taŋi, taŋitaŋi	·cry, weep
Sonsorolese	taŋi	·cry, weep
Proto-Chuukic	*taŋi, taŋitaŋi, taŋi-di-	·cry, weep
Ponapeian	sεŋ	·cry, weep
Mokilese	jɔŋ, jaŋi-d,	cry, cry about (something)
Pingilapese	sεŋ	·cry, weep
Marshallese	jaŋ, jaŋi-t	cry, cry for (someone)
Kiribati	taŋ, taŋitaŋ	cry
	taŋi-ra	desire, cry for (something)
	(ka)-taŋitaŋ	to cause to cry
Kusaiean	tʌŋ	cry
	tʌŋi	be sorry for
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	taŋi-z	·cry, weep (Geraghty 1983)
Fijian	tagi, tagi-ca	·cry, weep
Proto-Polynesian	*taŋi	·cry, weep
Bugotu	taŋi, taŋi-hi	·cry, weep
Lau	aŋi, aŋi-si	·cry, weep
Arosi	aŋi, aŋi-hi, aŋi-si	·cry, weep
Kwaio	aŋi	sorrowful
Proto-Kimbe	*taŋi	·cry, weep
Proto-Oceanic	*taŋis	·cry, weep (Ross 1988)
Uraustronesisch	*taŋis	·cry, weep

PMc *taŋiri tuna

Trukese	seŋir, seŋiri-(n)	yellow tail tuna, tuna of
Mortlockese	saŋúr	big tuna
Puluwatese	háŋir	yellowfin tuna
Woleaian	taŋiri	king-size tuna
Proto-Chuukic	*taŋiri	·tuna
Marshallese	(mʷe)-jaŋir	porcupine fish
Kiribati	taŋii	yellow-fin tuna (Bender et al. 1984)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*taŋiRi	pelagic fish (Geraghty 1990)
Sa’a	aaŋili	kingfish
Arosi	aŋiri	shoal of porpoises
Uraustronesisch	*taŋiRi	kind of fish

— Cf. —

West Nakanai

tariga

a fish

PMc *tao a thwart, tie

Trukese	ssó	thwart of a canoe
	(fó)-ssó	step or rung of a ladder
Puluwatese	hó, hóó-(n)	canoe thwart, thwart of
Saipan Carolinian	ssó, sóó	canoe thwart
Woleaian	ttóó	canoe thwart
Pulo-Annan	ttao	canoe thwart
Proto-Chuukic	*ta[wØ]o, tta[wØ]o	·a thwart, tie
Ponapeian	sɔɔ-(roŋ)	ridgepole of a building
Marshallese	jewjew	outrigger spar, ties between spar and outrigger
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tao	·a thwart, tie
Bugotu	tao	ridge, saddle of a mountain, [labu] tao to nail crosswise
	[labu] tao	to nail crosswise
Arosi	aoao	to extend beyond as something sticking out
Kwaio	aoao	shelf in a house

— Cf. —

Fijian	soka	ribs of boat
Proto-Austronesian	*seŋkar	cross seat of boat (Blust 1970:142)

PCMc *tapa, ka-tapa speak, spoken

Trukese	a-pasa	say it, utter it
	kka-pas, kka-pase-(n)	speech, talk, utterance, language, to speak, say, talk, speak of
	kakka-pas	converse
Mortlockese	a-pasa	to speak it
	kka-pas	word, language
Puluwatese	ya-paha	to say it, speak it
	kka-pah, kka-pahá-(n)	speech, word, language, speak of
Saipan Carolinian	a-paha	to say (something)
	kka-pas, kke-pas	word, speech, talk, language
Saipan Carolinian·T	kka-pah	word, speech, talk, language
	a-paha	to say (something)
Satawalese	a-pasa	say it
	kka-pas	word, language
Woleaian	kke-pate	word, language, speech
	kkekke-pate, kke-pate-pate	be talking
	-pate	a fragment of speech (in counting)
Pulo-Annan	tapatapa	say, announce
	tapa	speak about or announce (something)
Proto-Chuukic	pata, ka-pata, kka-pata or tapa	(all Chuukic languages. represented here have undergone metathesis with exception of Pulo-Annan)
Kiribati	ka-tabataba-a	to call (a bird) for ensnaring

— Cf. —

Pulo-Annan	paata, pata-	a piece that is cut out
	kapakapa	to talk behind one's back

This may be the same root as Proto-Micronesian *tapa, tapa-[kŋ]i ‘to answer’.

PMc *tap[ae], tap[ae]-ki lift up, carry, bear in ones hands

Trukese	sap	be holding up with open palm (of the hand)
	sapa, sassapa	to hold (something) up in the open palm
Mortlockese	sapa	carry (something) with both hands, to support (something or someone)
Satawalese	sepa	to support, hold up (something)
Ponapeian	sapε	to carry (something) in ones arms
Mokilese	japa-k	to lift (something) up from the rear end (as in catching turtles)
Marshallese	jepak	support, hold up
Kiribati	tabetabe	to engage in carrying, carry repeatedly
	tabe-ka	to lift or take (something) up in the hands
	tabe-ki-(a)	lift it up
Kusaiean	taptap	to support, uphold, bear
	tahpʌ-k	to support, uphold, or bear (something)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tapa, tape	·lift up, carry, bear in ones hands
Fijian	tabe, tabe-a	to hold or carry in the hands
	tabetabe	the bringing of food in baskets
Sa’a	’apa-a	a staff
Arosi	abaaba	to carry
Uraustronesisch	*tapak	flat of the hand, sole of the foot

— Cf. —

Fijian	taba	upper arm (of human), foreleg (of animal)
	taba-(caca)	single-handed, odd, having no match
Lau	aba-	hand, arm, leaf
Sa’a	’apa	leaf
	apa’apa	wing, shoulder, leaves
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*taba	·lift up, carry, bear in ones hands

Cf. also Proto-Micronesian *[st]apa, [st]apa[st]apa, [st]apa-ŋi ‘to help’.

PMc *tapa, tapa-[kŋ]i to answer

Ponapeian	sapε-ŋ	to respond, answer
Mokilese	japɔ-ŋ	answer, talk back to (someone)
	japɔ-ŋek	to give an answer
Kiribati	taba-ka	to snap at (someone, as a dog), kick (at someone, as a horse)
Kusaiean	top	an answer
	topu-k	to answer (someone)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*taba	·to answer
Bugotu	taba	to pay, wages, reward

This may be the same root as Proto–Central Micronesian *tapa, ka-tapa ‘speak, spoken’.

PMc *tapa, tapatapa, tapa-ki be cut, lopped, to cut (something) off

Trukese	sep	be cut off, lopped off (of coconut fronds and pandanus leaves)
	sepesep	cutting or lopping off (of leaves and fronds)
	sepe-si	to cut it or lop it off
Mortlockese	sepasep	cutting off
	sepa-ke	cut down (leaves of anything)
	sepa-te	cut down (coconut leaves)
Puluwatese	hepá-ki-y	cut it
Saipan Carolinian	sapasap	machete with broad blade
	sápe-ghi	chop it with a machete
Saipan Carolinian·T	hapahap	machete
	hapi-gi	chop it with a machete
Satawalese	sapasap	large knife
	sepá-ki	cut, lop off, trim (something)
Woleaian	tape	to cut (usually leaves)
	tepa-gi-i	cut it
	tapetape	big knife
Pulo-Annan	tapatapa	to cut, split
	tapa-ki	split it
Proto-Chuukic	*tapa, tapatapa, tapa-ki-	·be cut, lopped, to cut (something) off
Ponapeian	sap	to cut into pieces
	sεpε	cut (something) into pieces
	sapa-k	to harvest (of bananas)
Mokilese	jap	cut with an upward stroke
	japa-k	cut (something) with an upward stroke
Marshallese	jépjép	cut off, shorten, mow
	jepa-k	cut, hack, chop off, split, slash (something)
Kusaiean	sipsip	cut, chop, or slice into small pieces
	sipi-k	cut, chop, or slice (something)

— Cf. —

Fijian	teba	a fighting iron axe
Sa’a	opa	divide, separate
Bugotu	tobi	fell (a tree), clear (the bush)
Lau	oba	take from, separate, divide
Kwaio	oba	to beat down undergrowth
Proto–Malayo-Polynesian	*tabas	cut away underbrush (Blust 1980:92)
Proto-Austronesian	*tebaS	to cut, clear vegetation (Blust 1986:97)

Cf. Proto-Micronesian *tafa, tafa-si ‘to cut in pieces, slice’.

PMc (?) *tapa₁ a fish

Kiribati	taba	a fish
Kusaiean	tæp	a kind of fish

PMc *tapa₂ cheek

Trukese	saap, sapa-(n), sape-(n)	cheek, his cheek, cheek of
Mortlockese	saap, sapa-(n)	·cheek
Puluwatese	hapa-(n), hapá-(n)	·cheek
Saipan Carolinian	(au)-sap	·cheek
Saipan Carolinian·T	(au)-hap	·cheek
Satawalese	saap, sepa-(n)	·cheek
Woleaian	taape, tepa-(le)	·cheek
Ulithian	tapa-(l)	his cheek
Pulo-Annan	taapa, tapa-	cheek, gill (of fish)
Sonsorolese	tapa [sic]	·cheek
Proto-Chuukic	*tapa	·cheek
Ponapeian	sεpε	his cheek
Mokilese	jɔp, jɔpɔ	cheek, his cheek
Marshallese	jap, jepa-, jepe-	·cheek
Kiribati	taba-(na)	his cheek
Kusaiean	tʌpæ-(l)	his cheek
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*taba	·cheek
Proto-Polynesian	*tapa	edge
Sa’a	’apa	part, side, half
Lau	aba-	hand, arm, part, leaf
Bugotu	taba	sea shore
Arosi	aba	half, part, side
Uraustronesisch	*tambaŋ	side

See also Proto–Central Micronesian *tape₂ ‘face, turn’.

PMc *tapa₃ be caught, snagged

Trukese	sap	be caught, snagged, stuck, hung up
Puluwatese	hap	be taut, snagged, caught, be late, detained
Proto-Chuukic	*tapa	·be caught, snagged
Uraustronesisch	*taban.	·be caught, snagged

PMc *tapaka[wØ]u a mat

Satawalese	sepaaw	mat made from young coconut leaves
Woleaian	tapegau	coconut leaf mat
	tapegau-u-(we)	put a coconut mat on it
Pulo-Annan	tapakaú	young, white, unopened coconut leaf
Proto-Chuukic	*tapakau	·a mat
Marshallese	jépkaw	coarse floor mat
Kusaiean	sahpkʌ	mat sewn of pandanus leaves
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tapakau	·a mat
Tongan	tapakau	large coconut leaf suitable for use in making floor mats
Samoan	tapa’au	coconut-leaf floor mat

Puluwatese sepaawo (sic) ‘coconut leaf mat’ is clearly a loan from another Chuukic language, and the Kusaiean form may be a loan from Marshallese.

PCMc *tape₁ busy

Marshallese	jép	place of work
Kiribati	tabe	busy, engaged, employed
	tabe	the state of being employed

Cf. Proto-Micronesian *tap[ae], tap[ae]-ki ‘lift up, carry, bear in one’s hands’, Proto-Micronesian *[st]apa, [st]apa[st]apa, [st]apa-ŋi ‘to help’.

PCMc *tape₂ face, turn

Trukese	sap, sáp	face, present a side in a given direction, with directional suffixes sape-nó, sápe-nó, sape-tá, sápe-tá, sape-to, sápe-to, sape-tiw, sápe-tiw, sape-wow, sápe-wow, sape-wu, sápewu
	(á)-sápa	to turn (something) to face in another direction
	(á)-sápásápi-n (ppéwút)	the warding off of (sorcery)
Saipan Carolinian	sápe-	face or proceed (in a direction) (with directional suffix)
Saipan Carolinian·T	hap	face or proceed (in a certain direction)
Woleaian	sape	turn, face
Proto-Chuukic	*tape	·face, turn
Kiribati	(ka)-tabe-a	to divert one from what he is doing, to interrupt
	(ka)-taba-a	to give way, to turn aside to let another pass

— Cf. —

Kusaiean

tæpʌ-l

to turn (something)

— Cf. also —

Uraustronesisch

*tambaŋ

side

See also Proto-Micronesian *tapa₂ ‘cheek’.

PMc *tapia bowl, constellation Delphinus

Trukese	sepi, sepiya-(n)	bowl, dish, platter, plate, constellation Delphinus, his bowl
	sepiye-ni	acquire (a bowl)
Mortlockese	sapi, sapiye-(y)	bowl, my bowl
Puluwatese	hápiy, hápey	bowl
	hápiyá-ni-(y)	keep or own (a bowl)
Saipan Carolinian	sápi, sápiya-(l)	bowl, his bowl
Saipan Carolinian·T	hepi	·bowl, constellation Delphinus
Satawalese	sápi	·bowl, constellation Delphinus
Woleaian	tapiye	bowl, dish, constellation Delphinus
Pulo-Annan	tappiia [sic]	wooden plate
Proto-Chuukic	*tapiya	·bowl, constellation Delphinus
Mokilese	japi	wooden bowl
Marshallese	japéy	wooden bowl, constellation Delphinus
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tabiRa	·bowl, constellation Delphinus (Geraghty 1990)
Arosi	abira	basket made of coconut leaf
Bau	abira	wooden bowl
Uraustronesisch	*tambiR + an	·bowl, constellation Delphinus

— Cf. —

Bugotu

tabili

wooden mortar

PCMc *tapʷakea kind of turtle

Ponapeian	sapʷakε	hawksbill turtle
Mokilese	japʷakɔ	species of turtle
Marshallese	jebʷakey	turtle with mutli-colored shell
Kiribati	tabʷakea	kind of turtle with brilliant shell

See also Trukese pʷáápʷá ‘turtle’ and Saipan Carolinian·T pʷáápʷá ‘turtle’, which may well be derived from *pʷakea.

PMc *tapʷo district, division

Trukese	sóópʷ, sópʷu-tiw, sópʷo-notow, sópʷó-tá, sópʷu-n	district, village, lower district, eastern district, upper district, district of
	-sopʷ	half, division, part (in counting)
Puluwatese	hóópʷ	·district, division
Saipan Carolinian	sóóbʷ, sóbʷo-(l), -sóbʷ	·district, division
Saipan Carolinian·T	hóóbʷ, hóbʷo-(n)	·district, division
Satawalese	sóópʷ, sópʷo-(n), -sópʷ	·district, division
Woleaian	taabo, tabo-	·district, division
Proto-Chuukic	*tapʷo	·district, division
Ponapeian	saapʷ, sapʷε	land or homestead, his land
Mokilese	japʷ, jɔpʷɔ-n	land, island, land of
Kiribati	tabʷo	place
Kusaiean	tæfʌ-(n)	half of

— Cf. —

Fijian

tamo

portion, section

Cf. also Proto-Micronesian *tapʷo, tapʷo-[sS]a ‘end, terminate’. See also Marck (1994:322) Proto–Central Micronesian *tap’o.

PMc *tapʷo, tapʷo-[sS]a end, terminate

Trukese	sópʷ	be at an end, terminated
	(nee)- sópʷu-(n)	end of it
	sópʷó-(nóó-n)	end of it
	(ó)-sópʷa	make an end of it
	(ó)-sópʷu-(ni)	make a termination feast for it
	sópʷe-(ey)	bring to completion
Mortlockese	sóópʷ	end part (of canoe)
Puluwatese	hóópʷ	end
	hópʷe-(ló)	finish completely
Woleaian	taabo, tabo-	end
	tabo-(gapi)	western end
	(ge)-tabo	make use of something before it disappears
	sabo	be finished, completed
Pulo-Annan	taapʷo, tapʷo-	top, front, egde
Proto-Chuukic	*tapʷo	·end, terminate
Ponapeian	sapʷ	reach end of a round of kava
Mokilese	jɔpʷɔ-d, jɔpʷɔ-dɔ-	pinnacle of a tree, growing end and its base
Marshallese	jabʷe-(n)	point of, end of
Kiribati	tabo	end
	tabo-(ni-bai)	finger
Kusaiean	sæf	come to an end

— Cf. —

Fijian	tavo	side, end, area (Geraghty 1983:374)
Proto–Malayo-Polynesian	*tapus	finished, completed (Blust 1986:96)

And cf. Proto-Micronesian *tapʷo ‘district, division’.

PMc *tapʷu₁ taboo, ritual restriction, be taboo

Satawalese	(a)-sópʷusópʷ	stated proscriptions, statements of taboos
Woleaian	taabu, tabu-	taboo, ban, ritual restriction protected by supernatural sanction (marked by a taboo sign)
Pulo-Annan	taapʷu, tapʷu-	taboo, ban marked by a taboo sign
Proto-Chuukic	*tapʷu	·taboo, ritual restriction, be taboo
Kiribati	tabʷu	be taboo, forbidden, sacred
	tabʷu	a taboo
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tabu	·taboo, ritual restriction, be taboo
Fijian	tabu	·taboo, ritual restriction, be taboo
Proto-Polynesian	*tapu	·taboo, ritual restriction, be taboo
Sa’a	’ápu	·taboo, ritual restriction, be taboo
Bugotu	tabu	·taboo, ritual restriction, be taboo
Lau	abu	·taboo, ritual restriction, be taboo
Arosi	abu	sacred
Kwaio	abu	·taboo, ritual restriction, be taboo

— Cf. —

Marshallese

jabʷiy

taboo (archaic)

Cf. also Proto-Micronesian *tapʷu₂ ‘future negative’, Proto–Western Micronesian *aapʷa ‘no’.

PMc *tapʷu₂ future negative

Trukese	-sapʷ	future negative, will not, must not
Mortlockese	sapʷ	future negative
Puluwatese	-hapʷ, -hópʷ	exhortative negative
Saipan Carolinian	-sópʷ, -ssópʷ	future negative
	sóóbʷ	no, I won't
Saipan Carolinian·T	-hóbʷ	future negative
	haapʷ	no, I won't
Satawalese	sópʷ	future negative
Marshallese	jabʷ	not (future)
	jahab	no
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tapu	·future negative
Arosi	abu	dont
Kwaio	abu-	be unable to ... [pref. to vb.]

Cf. also Proto-Micronesian *tapʷu₁ ‘taboo, ritual restriction, be taboo’, Proto–Western Micronesian *aapʷa ‘no’.

PMc *tara sacred, holy

Ponapeian	sara-wi, sara-wii-(n)	sacred, holy, a religious service, magic, taboo, r. sacred of
Mokilese	jɔr-wi	holy, sacred, a religious service, to hold a religious service
Pingilapese	sεrε-wi; ‘h.’	·sacred, holy
Proto-Pohnpeic	*tara-wii	·sacred, holy
Marshallese	jar	pray, go to church
Kusaiean	(mʌ)-tæl	holy, hallowed, sacred

Note that Kiribati tataro ‘to pray’ and taro-mauri ‘worship’ are loans from Polynesian, e.g., Samoan talo ‘to pray’ (obsolete).

PMc (?) *tara, tara-[sS]i to look, look at

Ponapeian	sara-(da)	look upwards (da upwards)
Mokilese	jar	bend back ones head
Kiribati	#taratara	be awake, to behold
	tara-a (? < *taa-ra)	to look at, behold (something)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*taRa-c	look up (Geraghty 1990)

Geraghty’s reconstruction relies heavily on the Micronesian forms, which he seems to misinterpret.

PMc *taraa squirrel fish

Trukese	sara	yellow-lined squirrel fish
Mortlockese	sara	·squirrel fish
Puluwatese	hara	a kind of red fish
Saipan Carolinian	sara	species of edible reef fish
Satawalese	sera	·squirrel fish
Woleaian	seraa	a kind of fish
Proto-Chuukic	*taraa	·squirrel fish
Ponapeian	sara	·squirrel fish
Mokilese	jara	fish species, kind of soldier fish
Marshallese	jerah	·squirrel fish
Kiribati	taa	a fish
West Nakanai	talaha	kind of fish
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*taRaqa	kind of fish (Adioryx spinifer, Holocendridae) (Geraghty 1990)

— Cf. —

Tongan

ta’a

a fish (red, edible)

PWMc *taraki to sail

Trukese	seres	be sailing, go on a sailing vessel, to reef a sail
Mortlockese	serek	to sail, be sailing
Puluwatese	herák	·to sail
Saipan Carolinian	serágh, serághi-	·to sail
Satawalese	serák	·to sail
Woleaian	teragi	to sail, travel by water
Pulo-Annan	taleki	to sail, navigate
Proto-Chuukic	*taraki	·to sail
Ponapeian	sεrεk	·to sail
Mokilese	jɔrɔk	·to sail
Marshallese	jerak	sail away
	jerakrék	go sailing

— Cf. —

Proto-Polynesian

*tere

sail, float

Yapese tarég ‘to sail’ is evidently a loan from a Chuukic source.

PCMc *tarawa barracuda

Trukese	saraw, sarawe-(n)	barracuda, barracuda of
Mortlockese	saraw	·barracuda
Puluwatese	haraw, harawá-(n)	·barracuda
Saipan Carolinian	saraw	·barracuda
Satawalese	saraw	·barracuda
Woleaian	sarawe	·barracuda
Pulo-Annan	talawa	·barracuda
Proto-Chuukic	*tarawa	·barracuda
Ponapeian	saraw	·barracuda
Mokilese	jaraw	·barracuda
Kiribati	taawa	·barracuda

Cf. Proto-Micronesian *turai ‘barracuda’.

PWMc *tare peer group, tier

Trukese	sássár, sássári-(n)	tier, storey (of house), step (of stair), shelf (of cupboard), tier of
Saipan Carolinian	sáre-(l), sári-(l)	age mate of, peer of
Saipan Carolinian·T	hera-(n)	his age mate, his peer
Woleaian	taare, tera-(li)	generation, age group, group of
	-tare	generation (in counting)
Proto-Chuukic	*tare	·peer group, tier
Marshallese	jar	crowd, any group of people as a class, unit, or division

— Cf. —

Fijian	tara, tara-va	to follow
Arosi	areha	kin by marriage
	tare-ha	a crowd (a loan?)
Uraustronesisch	*ta[rR]ap	row

PMc *tare, tare-ki- to move, remove

Trukese	sár	be moving, not staying in one place
	sári-si	move (something) from its place, remove (something)
	ssár	be capable of being elevated or lifted up
Woleaian	tera-gi-(i)	to move or pull (something) up, move it up, lift it
Proto-Chuukic	*tare, tare-ki-	·to move, remove
Kusaiean	tal	to move, rub, paddle fast
	tal	root out
	tælʌ-k	root (something) out, pull out, pull up (a net)

PMc *tari child

Mortlockese	seri [sic]	baby, child (up to seven yrs. old)
Puluwatese	háár, hári-	child, infant
Saipan Carolinian	sáár, sári-	·child
Satawalese	sáár	person born at same time as oneself
	sárisár	be born at the same time
Woleaian	saari, sari-	child, boy, girl, baby
Ulithian	tar (fefel) [sic]	prepubescent girl
Proto-Chuukic	*tari	·child
Ponapeian	seri	her child
Mokilese	jeri	child
	jeri-(mʷeyn)	boy
	jeri-(peyn)	girl
Pingilapese	sεri	child
Marshallese	(ha)-jriy	child, kid, toddler
Kusaiean	tʌlik	child (presumably tʌli-k my child)

Expressed final vowel without suffixed form in Mortlockese, Mokilese, Pingilapese, and Marshallese poses problem. Cf. also Proto–Central Micronesian (?) *atarei ‘child’.

PCMc *taro to be able

Trukese	(ó)-sór	offering to a spirit (i.e., make effecting)
	(énúú)-sór	effecting spirit
	(mʷááne)-sór	effecting man
	(mʷááne)-sór	effecting man
Marshallese	jerʷ	be able to
Kiribati	tao-(n)	to engage in, go at, begin upon

PMc *ta[sS]i- younger sibling

Trukese	seti-(pʷitur)	youngest child of a woman (lit. skirt child)
	seti-(peen)	small child
Marshallese	jati-	younger sibling
Kiribati	tari-	sibling of same sex
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tazi	·younger sibling (Geraghty 1983)
Proto-Oceanic	*tazi	·younger sibling (Blust 1978:108)
Proto-Oceanic	*taji	·younger sibling (Ross 1988)
Fijian	taci	younger sibling of same sex
Sa’a	’ási-	sibling of same sex
Bugotu	tahi-	sibling of same sex
Lau	asi	sibling of opposite sex
Arosi	asi	sibling of opposite sex [sic]
Kwaio	asi-[na]	younger sibling
West Nakanai	tari-	younger sibling of same sex

— Cf. —

Uraustronesisch

*aji(h)

·younger sibling

PMc *taSi salt water

Trukese	sáát, seti-, -set	·salt water
Puluwatese	háát, heti-	·salt water
Saipan Carolinian	sáát	·salt water
Saipan Carolinian·T	háát	·salt water
Satawalese	sáát, sáti-	·salt water
Woleaian	taati, tati-, saati, sati-	·salt water
Pulo-Annan	taati, tati-	·salt water
Sonsorolese	taati	·salt water
Proto-Chuukic	*tadi	·salt water
Ponapeian	seed	·salt water
Mokilese	jed	·salt water
Pingilapese	sed	·salt water
Marshallese	(law)-jét	·salt water
Kiribati	taari, -tari	·salt water
Kusaiean	(kifin)-te	salt water
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tazi	·salt water (Geraghty 1983)
Proto-Oceanic	*tasik, dasik	Fij taci (Ross 1988)
Fijian	taci	·salt water
Proto-Polynesian	*tahi	·salt water
Sa’a	’ási	·salt water
Bugotu	tahi	·salt water
Arosi	asi	·salt water
Kwaio	asi	·salt water
Proto-Kimbe	*dasi	·salt water
Uraustronesisch	*[tT]asik	·salt water

See also Marck (1994:309) Proto-Micronesian *tazi.

PWMc *tata yellow snapper

Saipan Carolinian	saas	species of yellow snapper
Woleaian	taate, teta-	a kind of yellow fish
Proto-Chuukic	*tata	·yellow snapper
Marshallese	jaj	a snapper

PMc *tau₁ person

Trukese	soo-(tupʷ), soo-(má), soo-(pe)	departed (dead) person, corpse, ghost
Puluwatese	hoo-(tupʷ), hoo-(má)	departed person, ghost
Saipan Carolinian	soo-(má), soo-(tubʷ)	respectful term for one who is dead
	soo-(pe)	respectful term for ghost or spirit
Saipan Carolinian·T	hoo-(tubʷ)	respectful term for one who is dead
Pulo-Annan	tou-(tupʷa)	spirit, god
Proto-Chuukic	*tau	·person
Marshallese	jé-(tébʷ)	spirit
Proto-Oceanic	*tau	body, person
West Nakanai	tau-	man of a place or clan
Sa’a	’áu-[sala]	be a gadabout, neglect the home
Arosi	au-[henua]	man of the place
Uraustronesisch	*[tT]au	person

See also Proto-Micronesian *tawu-₁ ‘master, expert’, Proto-Micronesian (?) *tawu₂ ‘clan, family’.

PMc *tau₂ season, sun

Trukese	séé-(fé)	new year
Mortlockese	séé	season
Puluwatese	héé-(fé)	be new
Saipan Carolinian·T	héé-(fé)	new
Woleaian	taú-(wate)	daylight, day, sun
Pulo-Annan	tai-(daú)	new, fresh
Proto-Chuukic	*taú-, taú-(faú)	·season, sun
Ponapeian	sow	sun (archaic)
Mokilese	jɔw	sun
Pingilapese	jεw	sun
Kiribati	taai	sun
	tai	time, season, harvest
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*taqu	·season, sun
Proto-Polynesian	*taqu	season
Sa’a	aau	season of the southeast wind
Kwaio	au	southeast wind
Uraustronesisch	*taqun	year, season

— Cf. —

Yapese	duw	year
	daay	tidal season

Cf. Marck (1994:309) Proto-Micronesian *ta[wØ]u ‘sun, year, season’.

PMc (?) *tau₃ who?

Trukese	(i)-yé, (i)-yéé-(n)	·who?
Mortlockese	(i)-yé	·who?
Puluwatese	(yi)-yé	·who?
Saipan Carolinian	(i)-yo, (ii)-yo	·who?
Saipan Carolinian·T	(i)-yo	·who?
Satawalese	(ii)-yo	·who?
Woleaian	(i)-teú	·who?
Ulithian	(yi)-tey	·who?
Pulo-Annan	(i)-téú	·who?
Proto-Chuukic	*yau, -t[ae]ú	·who?
Mokilese	(?) (in)-je	·who?
Pingilapese	(?) (i)-saa	·who?
Kiribati	(an)-tai	·who?
Kusaiean	sə	·who?

— There are problems here. Cf. —

Proto-Oceanic	sai	who? (Fij [o]-cei, [ko]-cei (Ross 1988)
Fijian	[o]-cei, [ko]-cei	·who?
Proto-Polynesian	*hai	·who?
Samoan	[’o]-ai	·who?
Sa’a	[a]-tei	·who?
Bugotu	[a]-hai	·who?
Kwaio	dai	·who?
West Nakanai	[e]-re, [e]-rei)	[e]-rei

Note that Kiribati ae ‘who (relative pronoun)’ appears to be a loan from Samoan (i)-ai ‘who (relative pronoun)’.

PMc *tautau, tau-ki to catch

Trukese	séésé	engage in a kind of fishing with handnets
Mortlockese	séésé	catch fish with a net
Proto-Chuukic	*taútaú	·to catch
Ponapeian	say-k	to catch (fish)
Mokilese	jay-k	to try to catch or to catch on to (something)
Marshallese	jjay	to catch
	jayi-k	to catch (a falling object or fruit)
Kusaiean	sasʌ	to catch
	sau-k	to catch, grasp (something)

— Cf. —

Lau

dau, dadau

to hold, catch, take, touch

Cf. Proto-Micronesian *tawu₃ ‘saved, held on to’.

PMc *tautu porcupine fish

Trukese	sééw, séésééw	·porcupine fish
Mortlockese	sééw	·porcupine fish
Puluwatese	hééwú [sic]	large growth stage of edible long-spined puffer fish
Saipan Carolinian	soow	species of lagoon fish, perhaps a goatfish
Woleaian	taúsú	a kind of fish
Pulo-Annan	taúdú	·porcupine fish
Proto-Chuukic	*taútú	·porcupine fish
Ponapeian	sεy	·porcupine fish
Mokilese	joy	·porcupine fish
Kiribati	tauti	a fish
Kusaiean	taut	needle fish (Bender et al. 1984: porcupine fish)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*taRutu	·porcupine fish (Geraghty 1990)
Proto–Malayo-Polynesian	*taRutum, taRutuŋ	·porcupine fish (Blust 1984–85)

— Cf. —

Yapese

t’uuy

porcupine fish

PMc *tawaa break, broken

Saipan Carolinian	ssowa	to break (as waves on a beach), hatch (as an egg)
Saipan Carolinian·T	ssawa	to break, hatch
Woleaian	tewaa	be broken, cracked (as an egg), smashed
Pulo-Annan	tawa-(di) [sic]	to be broken
Proto-Chuukic	*tawaa	·break, broken
Ponapeian	sawa	be broken
Kusaiean	sawe	to hatch

— Cf. —

Sa’a	awaa	be convalescent after a fever, be over the attack
Kwaio	gwaa	burst, healed of a boil

PWMc *tawia any of several kinds of sea bass

Trukese	sewi, #sewii-(n)	any of a number of species of bass fish, bass fish of
Puluwatese	hewiy, hewiyá-(n)	blue spotted sea bass, bass of
Proto-Chuukic	*tawiya	·any of several kinds of sea bass
Ponapeian	sawi	grouper fish (Plectropomus)
Mokilese	jawi	sea bass
Marshallese	jawéy	a giant sea bass of genus Primicrops, sea bass of genus Plectropomus

PMc *ta[wØ]o, ta[wØ]o-ni to press

Marshallese	jewe-n	press down on, weigh down on (something)
Kiribati	tao-na	press (something) down, control (something)
Kusaiean	tɒ tɒ	to press
	tɒ -n	to press (something)

PMc *tawu, tawu-ni laid, to lay (of a fire)

Trukese	so	be kindled, be lit (of an oven)
	soo-ni	lay, kindle (of a fire or oven)
Puluwatese	hoo [sic]	to light (as a fire or oven)
	hoo-ni. hoo-ni-(y)	to build up (as a fire)
Proto-Chuukic	*tau, tau-ni	·laid, to lay (of a fire)
Ponapeian	sow	to be made (of a fire)
	saw-n	to make (a fire), to add wood to (a fire)
Mokilese	jow	start a fire, jaw-n start (a fire)
	jaw-n	start (a fire)
Marshallese	jaw	ignite, start (of a fire), run (of an engine)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tafu-n	·laid, to lay (of a fire)
Fijian	tavu, tavu-na	broil, roast on embers, tavutavu second burning of ground for planting
	tavutavu	second burning of ground for planting
Bugotu	tafu-ni	to kindle, light [a fire]

Cf. Proto-Micronesian *tawu, tawu-ni, tawu-na ‘to plant, bury’.

PMc *tawu, tawu-ni, tawu-na to plant, bury

Ponapeian	sow(di)	to bury itself in the mud (of crabs)
	sowsow	grave, cemetery
Mokilese	jɔwjɔw	grave, cemetery
Marshallese	jaw	slip under ground or sand (of fish), place in sand where turtle lays eggs or coconut crab molts
Kiribati	tautau	to bury
	tau-na	to bury (something)
Kusaiean	tatʌ	bury, cover, fill in
	tau-n	bury, cover, or fill in (something)

— Cf. —

Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*taRu	cover (Geraghty 1990)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*taRu	put down, place (Geraghty 1990)
Fijian	tau	put down [of burden], lay one thing on another
Sa’a	’alu	to put, place
Bugotu	talu	to put, place, appoint
Kwaio	alu, alu-a	to put, keep
Proto-Kimbe	tau	to put, put down, deposit [of money], lay [of an egg]
Uraustronesisch	*taRuq	put down or away

— Cf. also —

Kusaiean

tɒ -n

bury (something)

And cf. Proto–Central Micronesian *ta[wØ]u₁ ‘time period’, Proto–Central Micronesian (?) *Too ‘at rest’, Proto-Micronesian *tano ‘ground, low’.

PMc *tawu-₁ master, expert

Trukese	sowu-	master, expert
Puluwatese	hawu-	expert, master, lord
Saipan Carolinian	sóu-	expert
	sóusów	evil magician, sorcerer
Saipan Carolinian·T	hou-	expert
Woleaian	sau-, tau-	master, expert
Proto-Chuukic	*tawu-	·master, expert
Ponapeian	sow-	expert at
	sow-	prefix in titles of rank
Kiribati	tia-	expert (showing metathesis)
Kusaiean	tɔ-(kɔsræ)	king of Kosrae
Proto-Oceanic	(?) *taqu, daqu	expert
Fijian	dau	expert
Tongan	tou-	person who does something
Samoan	tau-	owner, expert
Uraustronesisch	*taquh	knower, expert

— Cf. —

Fijian	sau	high chief
Proto-Polynesian	*sau	rule, ruler

(The saw- in certain Ponapeian high titles is probably a Polynesian loan). See also Proto-Micronesian *tau₂ ‘season, sun’ and Proto-Micronesian (?) *tawu₂ ‘clan, family’. There are problems.

PCMc *ta[wØ]u₁ time period

Trukese	(faan)-sowu-n	time of it, time of
Ponapeian	(a)-nsow	time, a period of time
Marshallese	jaw	be formerly, used to be
Kiribati	tai	in due time

See Proto–Central Micronesian *ta[wØ]u₂ ‘to wait’.

PMc (?) *tawu₂ clan, family

Trukese	sowu-	clan (prefix in some clan names)
Puluwatese	hawu-	clan (prefamily in some clan names)
Saipan Carolinian·T	sóu-	clan (prefamily in some clan names)
Woleaian	sau-	clan (prefamily in some clan names)
Proto-Chuukic	*tawu-	·clan, family
Ponapeian	sow, sowi-, sawi-	matrilineal clan
Mokilese	jow	clan
Marshallese	jéwiw, jéwiy	matrilineal clan
Kusaiean	səu	family (loan from Marshallese?)

See also Proto-Micronesian *tau₂ ‘season, sun’, Proto-Micronesian *tawu-₁ ‘master, expert’.

PCMc *ta[wØ]u₂ to wait

Trukese	sowu-ni	greet (a visitor on his arrival)
Saipan Carolinian	ssów, sóusów	lie in wait for prey (as a hunter), wait patiently to catch a desired variety of fish
	sóu-li	to be expecting (someone), to wait for (someones arrival)
Saipan Carolinian·T	hou-ni	be expecting (someone)
Woleaian	sau-li-(i)	wait for it, expect it
Proto-Chuukic	*tawu-ni	·to wait
Mokilese	jowjow	to wait
	jowi	wait for (something)
Kiribati	tai-ŋa	wait for (someone)

— Cf. —

Ponapeian

awii

wait for (something)

See also Proto-Micronesian *tau₂ ‘season, sun’, Proto–Central Micronesian *ta[wØ]u₁ ‘time period’.

PCMc *tawu₃ saved, held on to

Trukese	soo-(chik)	be saved, put away, kept
	soo-(nap)	be wasted, discarded, lost
Puluwatese	hoo-(lap)	waste, squander
Saipan Carolinian	soo-(lap)	squander, waste
Woleaian	tau	be saved, preserved, kept
Proto-Chuukic	*tawu	·saved, held on to
Kiribati	tau-a	to seize, grasp, hold back, retain, hold (something)
	tautau	engage in holding or retaining

— Cf. —

Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*taRu	put down, place (Geraghty 1990)
Sa’a	alu	to put, place
Bugotu	talu	put, place, appoint
Lau	alu	to put, bury
Kwaio	alu	put, keep

Cf. also Proto-Micronesian *tautau, tau-ki ‘to catch’.

PMc *ta[wØ]u[iu] placenta, afterbirth

Saipan Carolinian	séé-(la)	placenta, afterbirth (Bender et al. 1984)
Woleaian	sééú-(le)	·placenta, afterbirth
Mokilese	jóu	·placenta, afterbirth
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tafui	·placenta, afterbirth
Sa’a	’ehui	·placenta, afterbirth

— Cf. —

Kwaio	afuni-(na)	placenta
Uraustronesisch	*(tT)a(m)buni	afterbirth

PMc *tawui triton or trumpet shell

Trukese	sewi, sewii-	·triton or trumpet shell
Mortlockese	sawi	·triton or trumpet shell
Puluwatese	háwi, háwii-	·triton or trumpet shell
Saipan Carolinian	sawi, sawii-	·triton or trumpet shell
Saipan Carolinian·T	hawi	·triton or trumpet shell
Satawalese	sawi	·triton or trumpet shell
Woleaian	tawii	·triton or trumpet shell
Pulo-Annan	tawi [sic]	·triton or trumpet shell
Proto-Chuukic	*tawii	·triton or trumpet shell
Ponapeian	sεwi	·triton or trumpet shell
Mokilese	jowi	·triton or trumpet shell
Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic	*tawii	·triton or trumpet shell
Kiribati	tau (? tauu)	triton conch, trumpet shell (Bender et al. 1984)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tafuRi	·triton or trumpet shell (Geraghty 1990)
Proto-Oceanic	*tapuRiq, dapuRiq	·triton or trumpet shell (Ross 1988)
Fijian	davui	·triton or trumpet shell
Sa’a	’áhuri	·triton or trumpet shell
Bugotu	tavuli	·triton or trumpet shell
Arosi	ahuri	·triton or trumpet shell
Proto–Malayo-Polynesian	*tambuRiq	·triton or trumpet shell

PCMc (?) *tawu or *co[wØ]a- a fish

Saipan Carolinian	soow	a lagoon fish (perhaps a goatfish)
Woleaian	soowe, sowa-	kind of fish
Marshallese	jew	goatfish
Kiribati	tau	a fish

The Woleaian and Kiribati forms are incompatible and probably do not both belong in this set. See also Proto-Micronesian *tautu ‘porcupine fish’.

PCMc *taxe, taxe-ki- removed, excised

Trukese	sá	be removed, emptied (of earth oven), come loose (of outrigger float)
	ssá, sássá	run
	sáá-si	remove (clothes), take away (from a place), swing out (of arms or fish pole), remove or peel off (of skin), chase away into exile
	(á)-sáá-(y)	chase away, cause to run
Puluwatese	háá-ki-(y)	to remove (clothes or outrigger), dislodge
	háá-(ló)	leave, not stay
Saipan Carolinian	ssá	swing the arms quickly when walking or running, run off, run away
	sáá-ghi	to lift, move, or remove (an object or magic spell)
Woleaian	saasa	peel off
	saa-gi-(i)	peel it off
Proto-Chuukic	*tae, tae-ki-	·removed, excised
Ponapeian	sar	to peel (of skin after sunburn)
	sansar	be sliced, peeled
	sansara-da	be uprooted
	sεrε	to slice, peel with an instrument
	sarε-k	to uproot, peel, pry
Mokilese	jar	to come out
	jar-(la)	be pulled out, come off
	jare-k	pull (something) out
Kiribati	tae	stripped, extracted, drawn out, defeated
	tae-(bʷoto)	be uprooted

PMc *te- one (prefixed to classifiers)

Trukese	e-, i-	·one (prefixed to classifiers)
Mortlockese	e- and se-(eik)	ten animals
Puluwatese	ye-	·one (prefixed to classifiers)
Saipan Carolinian	e- and sa-(ŋaras)	one thousand
Saipan Carolinian·T	a-	·one (prefixed to classifiers)
Satawalese	e- and sa-(ŋaras)	one thousand
Woleaian	se-	·one (prefixed to classifiers)
Pulo-Annan	de-	·one (prefixed to classifiers)
Proto-Chuukic	*te-	·one (prefixed to classifiers)
Ponapeian	e-	·one (prefixed to classifiers)
Marshallese	ji-(wen)	·one (prefixed to classifiers)
Kiribati	te-, te-(uana)	·one (prefixed to classifiers)
Kusaiean	se.	·one (prefixed to classifiers)

PMc *telu, telu-ua three, three (general)

Trukese	één, wúnú-	three
	ini-ik, ini-ika- (<*wúnú-yik)	thirty
Mortlockese	éél, élú- and éli-k	·three, three (general)
Puluwatese	yéél, yélú-, yelu-(uw)	and yeli-ik
	yeli-ik	·three, three (general)
Saipan Carolinian·T	ili-	·three, three (general)
Satawalese	yéél, yélú-	·three, three (general)
Woleaian	yeeli, seli- and seli-ike	·three, three (general)
Ulithian	yeel, sulu-	·three, three (general)
Pulo-Annan	déni- and déni-iki	·three, three (general)
Proto-Chuukic	telú and telú-yike	·three, three (general)
Ponapeian	(e)-sil, sili-	·three, three (general)
Mokilese	(e)-jil, jili-, jil-, jilu-(w)	·three, three (general)
Marshallese	jili-, jili-w	·three, three (general)
Kiribati	teni-, tenu-(ua), teni-(ua)	·three, three (general)
Kusaiean	tol, tol-(u)	·three, three (general)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tolu	·three, three (general) (Geraghty 1983)
Proto-Oceanic	*tolu	·three, three (general) (Ross 1988)
Fijian	tolu	·three, three (general)
Proto-Polynesian	*tolu	·three, three (general)
Rotuman	folu	·three, three (general)
Sa’a	’olu	·three, three (general)
Bugotu	tolu	·three, three (general)
Arosi	oru	·three, three (general)
Kwaio	olu	·three, three (general)
Proto-Kimbe	*tolu	·three, three (general)
Uraustronesisch	*telu	·three, three (general)

See Proto-Micronesian *-ua ‘general classifier in counting (suffixed to numerals)’.

PMc (?) *tewe, tewe-mea goatfish

Trukese	woo-may	species of goatfish
Saipan Carolinian	o-mey	species of reef fish
Woleaian	woo-meye	·goatfish
Proto-Chuukic	*[tw]oo-m[ae]y[ae]	·goatfish
Mokilese	joo-me	kind of goatfish
Marshallese	jew-mey	a goatfish (Mulloidichthys auriflama)
Kiribati	tewe	·goatfish
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tewe	·goatfish
Fijian	toa	two kinds of fish

— Cf. —

Ponapeian

yomo

goatfish (Parupeneus indicus)

PMc *tia₁ stomach, belly, abdomen

Pulo-Annan	diia, dia-	·stomach, belly, abdomen
Ulithian	sie-	stomach
	sii	stomach ache
Marshallese	(law)-jéy, jéy, (law)-jiye-, jiye-	·stomach, belly, abdomen
Proto-Oceanic	*tia	·stomach, belly, abdomen
Sa’a	’ie	·stomach, belly, abdomen
Ulawan	’ia	·stomach, belly, abdomen
Proto-Kimbe	*tia	·stomach, belly, abdomen
Uraustronesisch	*(tT)iyan	belly

Cf. Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic *taka, taka-ni ‘stomach, have stomach for’.

PMc (?) *tia₂ a fish

Kiribati	tia	a fish
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tia	(Fij tiatia a freshwater fish). Cf. PMc *tia stomach, belly, abdomen
Fijian	tiatia	a freshwater fish

Cf. Proto-Micronesian *tia₁ ‘stomach, belly, abdomen’.

PCMc *tiaa boundary

Trukese	iyá, iyáá-(n)	boundary, boundary of
Saipan Carolinian	yááli-, yááli-(l)	boundary, boundary of
Woleaian	siyaa	boundary, division
Pulo-Annan	dia [sic]	·boundary
Proto-Chuukic	*tia[ae]	·boundary
Kiribati	tiaa. Cf. Chk kiyá, kiyáá-(n)	boundary, boundary of
Puluwatese	(ya)-kiyánn, -kiyánne-(n)	border, boundary, boundary of (loan from Trukese?)
Marshallese	ketaha-	boundary

— Cf. also —

Proto-Polynesian	*tia	stake, post
Proto-Polynesian	*tia-ki	to guard
Uraustronesisch	*tiyañ	stake, post

PWMc *tiapʷo growing tip of a tree

Trukese	wuwapʷ, #wuwapʷpʷe-(n)	growing tip of the palm tree or banana plant
Saipan Carolinian	uwóbʷo-(l)	growing top sprout of leaves (as of banana)
Saipan Carolinian·T	uwabʷo-(n)	·growing tip of a tree
Woleaian	siyabo-(li)	top (of trees, poles, masts), peak, crest
Proto-Chuukic	*ti[wy]apʷo	·growing tip of a tree
Marshallese	jiyabʷ	heart of palm

— Cf. —

Trukese

kuwapʷ, #kuwapʷpʷe-(n)

growing tip of a tree

PCMc (?) *tici bamboo

Trukese	iich, ichi-(n)	bamboo, bamboo of
Woleaian	siishi, sishi-	a subfamily of bamboo
Proto-Chuukic	*tici	·bamboo
Kiribati	tiri	pandanus shoot for planting

PMc *tiku or *tuki tropic bird

Trukese	wúúk	white-tailed tropic bird
	wúkú-(par)	bird with a green body and red tail
Mortlockese	úúk	a bird
Puluwatese	wúúk	tropic bird
	wúkú-(chcha)	red-tailed tropic bird
	wúkú-(pak)	a short white-tailed tropic bird
Satawalese	súúk	tropic bird
Woleaian	súúgú. súgú-	white-tailed tropic bird with long tail
Proto-Chuukic	*túkú	·tropic bird
Ponapeian	siik	a white sea bird
Mokilese	jik	bird species
Kusaiean	sik, sik	a kind of bird

Note that Ø is the expected reflex of *t in the Ponapeian and Mokilese forms. The wúkú- in Trukese wúkú-(par) and Puluwatese wúkú-(chcha), wúkú-(pak) appear to be the root for ‘tail’ (see Proto-Micronesian *iku ‘tail’) rather than this one.

PMc *tina mother

Trukese	iin, ina-(n)	mother, his mother
Mortlockese	iin. ina-	·mother
Puluwatese	yiin, yiná-(y)	mother, my mother
Saipan Carolinian	iil, ila-(l)	·mother
Saipan Carolinian·T	iin, ina-(n)	·mother
Satawalese	iin, ina-	·mother
Woleaian	sila-(le)	his mother
Pulo-Annan	diina, dina-	·mother
Proto-Chuukic	*tina	·mother
Ponapeian	iin, inε	mother, his mother
Mokilese	ina-(a)	his mother
Pingilapese	inε	his mother
Marshallese	jine-	·mother
Kiribati	tina-(na)	his mother
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tina	·mother (Geraghty 1983)
Fijian	tina	·mother
Proto-Polynesian	*tina	·mother
Bugotu	tina-[gna]	·mother
Arosi	ina-[na]	·mother
Proto-Nakanai	*tina	·mother
Proto-Austronesian	*tina	·mother (Ross 1988)

— Cf. —

Kusaiean

ninε, nnæ

one's mother

PCMc *tinitini, tini-mi to roast, broil

Ponapeian	iniin	to cook, roast, broil, toast
	ini-m	cook, etc. (something)
Mokilese	iniin	to cook
	ini-m	cook (something)
Pingilapese	iniin	to cook
Marshallese	(yik)-jin	cook fish on stones
	jin-(bahat)	smoke out, smudge
	jin-(kadwel)	broil on hot stones
Kiribati	tintin	to roast, broil
	tini-ma	to broil (coconut), to fry (something)

— Cf. —

Proto-Oceanic	*tunu	to roast
Fijian	tunu, tunu-ma, tunu-ca	to warm food up again
Proto-Polynesian	*tunu	cook on open fire
Rotuman	fun, funu-	to cook [especially by boiling]
Sa’a	uunu	to burn on a fire, roast on embers
Bugotu	tunu	mark, blot, or cicatrice caused by burning
Kwaio	unu-a	cook vegetables by steaming in a leaf-plugged bamboo
West Nakanai	tululu	to burn [of a burn]
	[e]-tululu	hot taro
Uraustronesisch	*tunu	to roast

— Cf. also —

West Nakanai

sililu, sululu

to singe

PMc *t[iu]pʷu be born, bear young

Trukese	wuupʷ, wupʷu-(n)	child, offspring (of man only), child of
	wupʷ, wuupʷ	be fertile, have increase, bear young
	wupʷu-(tiw)	be born
Mortlockese	upʷu-(tiw)	be born
Puluwatese	wupʷu-(tiw)	be born
Saipan Carolinian	ubʷu-(tiw)	be born
Satawalese	upʷu-(to), supʷu-(to)	be born
Woleaian	subu	be born
Ulithian	subu-	be born
Proto-Chuukic	*tupʷu	·be born, bear young
Ponapeian	ipʷiipʷ	be a paternal descendant
	ipʷi-(di)	be born
Mokilese	ipʷ-(di)	be born
Marshallese	jibʷi-	grandmother, grandchild
Kiribati	tibʷu-(na)	his grandparent, his grandchild
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tubu	grow (Geraghty (1983)
Proto-Oceanic	*tubuq	grow (Ross 1988)
Fijian	tubu	to grow
Proto-Polynesian	*tupu	grow, spring up
Rotuman	fupu	grow, increase
Sa’a	’upu, ’upu’upu	to swell
Bugotu	tubu	to swell
	tubu-[gna]	his mothers brother
Lau	ubuubu	be thick, deep
Arosi	ubu	to swell
Kwaio	ubu	swell, swelling
Proto-Kimbe	*tubu	to grow
Uraustronesisch	*(tT)umpuq	·be born, bear young

Note that Ponapeian dipʷ, dipʷi-(n) ‘exogamous matrilineal clan’ is presumably a loan.

PMc *tiro, tiro-ŋi to peer, have a look

Trukese	(e)-yira	peer out at, look out for
Mortlockese	iro-ŋe	to observe (something)
Puluwatese	yiro-ŋi-(y)	to look for or at (something)
Proto-Chuukic	*iro, iro-ŋi-	·to peer, have a look
Ponapeian	iroyr	to look or peer in the distance, to see ones own reflection
	iro-ŋ	to peer at
Mokilese	iro-ŋ	to peer at (something)
Marshallese	jéjér	to look for
	(kap)-jér, (kap)-jérʷ	mirror
Kusaiean	yor	to visit, peep
	iro-ŋ, iriro-ŋ	glance, peep, peek at
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tiro	·to peer, have a look
Fijian	tiro, tiro-va	look at something reflected in water or a glass
Proto-Polynesian	*tiro	look at
Sa’a	’iro, ’iro’iro	to look at, look for, see
Bugotu	tiro	to look, mirror
Arosi	iro	to look
	iro-hi	to look into
Kwaio	ilo	look at
Uraustronesisch	*ti(n)Daw	·to peer, have a look

— Cf. —

West Nakanai

tiloho

to peer around or after without being seen

Kiribati tiro-a ‘to inspect, scrutinize (something)’ is a loan from a Polynesian source, e.g., Samoan tilotilo ‘look, glance’. Note the unexpected absence of an initial consonant (t or s) in the Kusaiean form, which may be a loan from Ponapeian.

PWMc *tisi, tisi-ŋi to point or face

Trukese	iti-	point, be toward, face
	iti-(nó)	point away
	itiit	direction in which something faces or to which it points
	iti-ni	point or face towards (something)
Mortlockese	iti-ŋe	to point at (something)
Puluwatese	yiti-	lie (as a stick), face (as a house)
	yiti-(wenewen)	face directly east or west
	yitiit	to point
	yitiiti-(wow)	protrude
	yiti-ŋi-iy	to point out
Saipan Carolinian	itiit	point, pointing projection
Satawalese	it, iti-	to point
	iti-ŋi	point (something) out
Woleaian	siti	to be straight, stick out
Proto-Chuukic	*tidi, tidi-ŋi-	·to point or face
Ponapeian	idi-	point
	idi-i	to point at
	idiidi-(da)	to be pointed out, identified
Pingilapese	id	point
Marshallese	jit, jité-ŋ	head in a certain direction

— Cf. —

Kiribati	tiri	simply, merely, only, just
	tiro-a	inspect or examine (something) carefully
Kusaiean	srisrsrisr	to point, hint
	srisr-ŋi	point at, hint at (something)

— Cf. —

Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tuz[iu]	point (Geraghty 1983)
Proto-Polynesian	*tusi	·to point or face
Sa’a	’usu	·to point or face
Bugotu	tuhu	·to point or face
Arosi	usu	·to point or face
West Nakanai	turi, tuturi	·to point or face

PMc *tiSaki to ask

Ponapeian	(pe)-ydεk	to ask a question
	idεk	to ask (someone)
	(ke)-ydεk	to ask (someone, honorific)
Mokilese	idɔk	·to ask
Pingilapese	idεk	·to ask
Marshallese	jiték, ka-jjiték	·to ask
Kiribati	titiraki	to question, make inquiry
	titiraki	a question, an inquiry
Kusaiean	siyʌk	to ask, request, interrogate (someone)

— Cf. —

Samoan

’aisi

to ask, from which could be derived a passive *aisai

Cf. also Proto-Chuukic *[kØ]a[tØ]ieki ‘to ask’, Proto-Chuukic *katia, katitia ‘to ask, a question’.

PMc (?) *to[ae] inheritance

Pulo-Annan	due-ni	suceed it, inherit it
Ponapeian	sooso	·inheritance
Mokilese	joojo	inheritance, souvenir, keepsake, memory
Marshallese	jéw-(lét)	·inheritance
Kiribati	(?) toa	all provided with, fully supplied
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*toRe	remainder

Inclusion of Woleaian tóó-(shigi) ‘careful treatment, careful consideration’ in this series (Bender et al. 1984, Geraghty 1990) is not justifiable. There are problems here.

PMc *toka₁ to chop

Marshallese	jék, jékjék	to cut, hew, chop, prune, salute with the hands
Kiribati	oka-a	to cut off (pandanus fruit) with a blade fastened to a stick (showing loss of *t before k)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*toka	·to chop
Bugotu	toka	to fell [a tree], chop [something] down

PMc *toka₂ rafter

Marshallese	jek-(pad)	rafters (of a house)
Kiribati	oka	rafter (of a house) (showing loss of *t before k)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*[dt]oka	·rafter
Fijian	doka	ridgepole of house

— Cf. —

Trukese

woo

vertical rafter

PMc *toki bite, peck

Ponapeian	sok	to bite (used with reference to rats)
Kiribati	oki	chisel (showing loss of *t before k)
Proto-Oceanic	*toki	·bite, peck
Fijian	toki	to peck [of birds]
Tongan	toki	adze
Sa’a	’o’i	to break (something) in pieces
Arosi	oi	strike with an axe
Kwaio	o’i	chop up wood
West Nakanai	toitoi	a sawtooth design

Note that Kiribati doublet (te)-toki ‘chisel’ would appear to be a loan from Samoan to’i ‘adze’, since it does not show the loss of t before k.

PMc (?) *toko omen

Trukese	oo, woo	omen
	oo-su-ni	interpret or read (an omen) (presumably oo-su- is a back formation from an intransitive oo-s derived from a transitive oo-si- to portend)
Uraustronesisch	*teges	·omen

PMc *toko, toko-na cane, walking stick

Puluwatese	yoo, yooyo	·cane, walking stick
Satawalese	yoo-	·cane, walking stick
Woleaian	soogo, sogo-	·cane, walking stick
Pulo-Annan	dooko, doko-	·cane, walking stick
Proto-Chuukic	*toko	·cane, walking stick
Ponapeian	soko-n	·cane, walking stick
Marshallese	jekʷe-ṇ	·cane, walking stick
Kiribati	ooko, (te)-oko	(showing loss of *t before k)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*[dt]oko, [dt]okon-a	·cane, walking stick
Fijian	toko	prop, stay, supporting pole, doko punting pole
	doko	punting pole
Proto-Polynesian	*toko	·cane, walking stick
Uraustronesisch	*teken	·cane, walking stick

— Cf. —

Yapese

soog

walking stick

Note: Trukese, Mortlockese, and Puluwatese wóók, wóku-n ‘cane, cane of’, may be related but are not inherited forms.

PMc *tokolau northerly, from the north

Trukese	wééné	name of the island in northeast position in Chuuk lagoon
Puluwatese	wéélé	name of same island
Marshallese	jekʷḷay, jekʷeḷay	wind from the north
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tokalau	·northerly, from the north
Proto-Polynesian	*tokelau	north, northerly wind
Fijian	tokalau	northeast wind
Uraustronesisch	*tokalaud	·northerly, from the north

— Cf. —

Sa’a	ooru	wind, to blow (a loan)
Lau	oru	wind, to blow
Bugotu	sokara lau	a south wind

See also Proto-Micronesian *lau ‘pool, have liquid’.

PMc *toŋo mangrove

Trukese	wooŋ, woŋe-(n)	mangrove, mangrove of
Mortlockese	yooŋ	·mangrove
Saipan Carolinian	yooŋ, yoŋo-	·mangrove
Satawalese	yooŋ	·mangrove
Woleaian	sooŋo, soŋo-	·mangrove
Proto-Chuukic	*toŋo	·mangrove
Marshallese	jeŋʷ	·mangrove
Kiribati	toŋo	·mangrove
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*toŋo	·mangrove
Sa’a	’oŋo	·mangrove
Proto–Malayo-Polynesian	*teŋeR	·mangrove (Blust 1984–85)

Cf. Ponapeian soomʷ instead of expected *soong.

PCMc *tou to dodge, parry (in fighting)

Trukese	(fi)-yuuw, (fi)-wuuw	to fight
	(e-fi)-yuuwu	make him fight
Puluwatese	(fii)-yoow [sic]	to fight
Saipan Carolinian	(fi)-yoow	to fight someone
Kiribati	toutou	to dodge to one side (as the head)
	toutou-a	to ward off

— See also —

Kiribati

(i)-tau

to box, to fight with the fists

PCMc (?) *t[ou]wai future negative, will not

Woleaian	-tewai	·future negative, will not
Pulo-Annan	towai	will not, do not (in negative commands)
Kiribati	tuai	no longer

Cf. Proto-Chuukic *-taa[iØ] ‘no longer’ (aspect marker).

PMc *towu sugarcane

Trukese	woow, #wowu-	·sugarcane
Mortlockese	woow	·sugarcane
Puluwatese	woow	·sugarcane
Saipan Carolinian	woow, wowu-	·sugarcane
Satawalese	woow	·sugarcane
Woleaian	woou, wou-	·sugarcane
Pulo-Annan	-dou	cut pieces of breadfruit (counting classifier)
Proto-Chuukic	*towu	·sugarcane
Ponapeian	seew, sew-	·sugarcane
Kiribati	tou	fruit of the pandanus (chewed like sugarcane)
Kusaiean	tʌ	·sugarcane
Proto-Oceanic	*topu	·sugarcane
Sa’a	’ohu	·sugarcane
Bugotu	ehu	·sugarcane [a loan]
Arosi	ohu	·sugarcane
Kwaio	ofu	·sugarcane
West Nakanai	tovu	·sugarcane
Proto-Austronesian	*CebuS	·sugarcane (Blust 1984–85)

— Cf. —

Fijian	dovu	·sugarcane
Tongan	too	(presumably a loan)

— Cf. —

Marshallese

taw

(probably a loan)

PMc *tuki tropic bird

see Proto-Micronesian *tiku or *tuki.

PMc *tuki, tukituki to pound

Trukese	wúsúús	pound or mash with pestle
	wúsi	pound it
Mortlockese	úse	to pound or mash (something)
Puluwatese	wuk [sic]	to pound
	wúkúúk	to pound (as taro)
	wúki-i-(y)	to pound it (as poi)
Saipan Carolinian	úghúúgh	do pounding
	úghú-w	pound food into paste
Satawalese	súkú, yúkú-(w)	pound it
Woleaian	súgú-ú	pound it, beat it, hit it, hammer it
Proto-Chuukic	*tuki, tukituki	·to pound
Ponapeian	suk	to pound (something)
Mokilese	juk	to pound, hit
	juki	to pound (something)
Marshallese	jikʷjikʷ	pound breadfruit or taro
	jikʷjikʷiy	pound or mash it
Kiribati	ikiiku	to engage in mashing breadfruit
	ikiiku	stone pestle
	ika	pound or mash (food)
	iku-a	mash it
Kusaiean	tuk, tuktuk	to pound
	tok	pounder
Proto-Oceanic	*tuki, tukituki	·to pound
Fijian	tuki	strike at, knock at, hammer, pinch
Proto-Polynesian	*tuki	strike
Arosi	u’i-[ŋa’i]	to beat upon [of rain]
West Nakanai	tutu-a	to strike with the finger, tap [as a tattooing needle]
Uraustronesisch	*Tuk, TukTuk	·to pound

— Cf. —

Woleaian	súsú [sic]	pound, beat, hit, hammer
Yapese	tuguw	pestle, betel nut pounder

Note that Ø is the expected reflex in the Ponapeian and Mokilese forms.

PMc *[tT]ulu- young shoot, sprout

Marshallese	jiḷw	core of coconut tree at upper end, growth from old root or branch, young shoot, bud forth, sprout
Kusaiean	sulu-(n)	young shoot of, sprout of

— Cf. —

Kusaiean	solo	young shoot, to sprout
	sololo	be full of shoots, covered with sprouts

— Cf. also —

Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*juli	taro sucker (Geraghty 1983)
Fijian	suli-	banana or taro sucker
Proto-Polynesian	*suli	young shoot
Uraustronesisch	*sulih	sprout, shoot

Cf. Proto-Micronesian *ili ‘sprout, shoot (of plants)’.

PMc (?) *tuna freshwater eel

Kusaiean	ton	·freshwater eel
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tuna	·freshwater eel
Proto-Polynesian	*tuna	freshwater eel
Uraustronesisch	*[tT]u[nñ]a	eel
Proto-Austronesian	*tuNa	eel (Wolff 1993)

Marshallese teṇʷ ‘freshwater eel’ is an evident loan from Kusaiean — these eels are not found in the Marshalls but are known from the Eastern Carolines.

PMc (?) *[tT]upa fish poison

Woleaian	suupe, supa-(li)	fish poison, fish poison of
Proto-Oceanic	*tupa	·fish poison
Fijian	duva	Derris trifoliata
Proto-Austronesian	*tuba	Derris species (Blust 1984–85)

See also Proto-Micronesian *upa ‘derris vine’, Proto-Micronesian (?) *iwu ‘tree (Barringtonia asiatica).

PMc *tura house post

Trukese	wúúr, wúre-(n)	supporting post of a house, post of
Mortlockese	úúr	post
Puluwatese	wúrá-n	post of
Saipan Carolinian	úúr	main post
	úrá-(li)	use or set up on posts
Satawalese	úúr	house post
	úrá-ni	set (something) up on posts
Woleaian	súúre, súra-(li)	house post, house post of
	súra-a	put a post under it
Pulo-Annan	dúúlu, dúlú- [sic]	house post
Sonsorolese	dúúle	house post
Proto-Chuukic	*tura	·house post
Ponapeian	uur	post
Marshallese	jéwér, jiwre-(n)	pillar, column, post, pole, post of
Proto-Oceanic	*tura	·house post
Sa’a	’ure	to stand up
Ulawan	’ura	to stand up
Arosi	ura	to stand
Kwaio	ula	to stand
West Nakanai	tura	vertical wall pole
	tura-[kakavo]	house posts

— Cf. —

Fijian	duru	post
Uraustronesisch	*turus	·house post

Marshallese length needs explanation.

PMc (?) *turai barracuda

Ponapeian	suurε	·barracuda
Mokilese	juure	a kind of barracuda
Marshallese	jirʷey	·barracuda
Kusaiean	tola	·barracuda

Cf. Proto–Central Micronesian *tarawa ‘barracuda’.

PMc *turi to string

Trukese	wúri, #(é)-wúrú	string (something) together
Ponapeian	iir	string of something (as of flowers or fish)
Mokilese	ir	string for stringing things, to work at stringing
Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic	*turi	·to string
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tuRi	to thread, string (fish) (Geraghty 1990)

PMc *turu to drip

Trukese	súrúsúr	be dripping
	ssúr	large drop (of liquid)
Puluwatese	húri-(tiw)	drip down
Saipan Carolinian	ssúr	dribble
	ssúrú-(tiw)	drip down, run down
Proto-Chuukic	*Túrú	·to drip
Kiribati	tuu	to trickle
Kusaiean	tul	drip, drop
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*turu	to drip (Geraghty 1983)
Fijian	turu	drip, drop [of liquids]
Proto-Polynesian	*tulu	·to drip
Sa’a	’uru’uru	to spill, dribble out
Bugotu	turu-[be]	·to drip
Proto-Austronesian	*tuDuq	·to drip (Ross 1988)

— Cf. —

Woleaian	ssérú	tip of a canoe paddle (i.e., drip point?)
Ponapeian	kεr	to trickle

PMc *tu[sS]u finger, toe

Trukese	é-wút, é-wútú-(n)	finger, his finger
	é-wútú-(ros)	be short fingered
	(ni)-ké-wútú-(ros)	person with short fingers
	-wút	finger (c.c.)
Mortlockese	ya-Wútú-(n)	his finger
Puluwatese	ya-wútú-(n)	his finger
	-ya-wút	finger (c.c.)
Saipan Carolinian	a-yútt, a-yúttú-(l)	·finger, toe
Satawalese	ya-wút	finger
Woleaian	ga-ttú	finger
	-ga-ttú, -ge-ttú	finger (c.c.)
Ulithian	ga-ddu-(l)	finger of
Pulo-Annan	ka-ttú	finger
	-ka-ttú	finger (c.c.)
Proto-Chuukic	*ka-túdú, -túdú	·finger, toe
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tuz[iu]	·finger, toe (Gerahgty 1983)
Tongan	tuhu	finger, to point
	tuhu’i	to point to
Fijian	dusi	to point with the finger
	i-dusi	index finger
Sa’a	’usu	to point
Bugotu	tuhu	to point
Uraustronesisch	*tu[ñØ]Zuq	to point

— Cf. —

Marshallese	(ha)-ddiy	finger, toe
Kusaiean	srisrsrisr	to point out
	srisr-ŋi	to point at, hint at

Cf. also Proto–Western Micronesian *tanisi ‘finger or toe’.

PMc *tuu₁ to stand

Trukese	wú	stand erect, be upright
	wúú-(tá)	stand up
	(kké)-wú	make upright, make stand erect
	(é)-wúú-w	make it stand, build it
Puluwatese	wúú-(tá)	stand up, rise
	(kka)-wú	erect (as a house)
Saipan Carolinian	úú-(tá)	stand up
	(a)-yúú-w	build (something)
Woleaian	súú	stand, take an upright position
Pulo-Annan	dúú	stand
Proto-Chuukic	*túú	·to stand
Ponapeian	uu	stand
Mokilese	u	stand
	uu-(da)	stand up
Marshallese	jiw-(tak)	stand up
Kusaiean	tu	stand up
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tuqu	·to stand
Fijian	tuu	·to stand
Proto-Polynesian	*tuqu	·to stand
Bugotu	tuu	·to stand
Kwaio	uu	·to stand
West Nakanai	tuhu-(mapa)	nod ones head up
Uraustronesisch	*(tT)uquD	·to stand

— Cf. —

Kiribati	tei	stand
	tei-(rake)	stand up

See also Proto-Micronesian *tuu₂ ‘stopped, halted’.

PMc *tuu₂ stopped, halted

Trukese	wú	be stopped, halted (of something in motion)
	(é)-wúú-w	make stop, make halt
	(kké)-wú	stop, pause
	(kké)-wúú-(nó)	stop altogether, cease, halt
	wúwi-(iti)	stop until
Puluwatese	(ka)-wúú-(ló)	to stop
	(ya)-wúú-we-(ló)	to stop (something)
Saipan Carolinian	úú-(ló)	stop
	(a)-yúú-(ló)	stop something, make it come to a stop
Pulo-Annan	dúú	stop
Proto-Chuukic	*túú	·stopped, halted
Ponapeian	uu-(di)	to stop (of moving objects)
Kusaiean	tu	stop
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*tuqu	·stopped, halted
Fijian	tuu	be in a place
Tongan	tu’u	to hold up, stop
Uraustronesisch	*(tT)uquD	·stopped, halted

See also Proto-Micronesian *tuu₁ ‘to stand’.