Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets
pa
30948 *pa₁ still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else) 8812 PAN *pa₁ still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)
Note: The PAn status of this reconstruction was first established by Wolff (2010, 2:919). I am indebted to Daniel Kaufman for drawing my attention to this fact.
27358 *pa-₁ numeral prefix, divide into x (x = numeral) 3888 PMP *pa-₁ numeral prefix, divide into x (x = numeral)
31374 9461 9462 PWMP *p<in>a- caused (something to happen)
9463 PAN *pa-ka- causative of stative verbs
9464 Note: Also Yakan peke-, peki- ‘causative affix in transitive or antipassive clauses’.
32874 11332 11333 Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016:427), who reconstructed *pa, *pa-i ‘get, take, bring’ with no indication of the function of *-i.
27232 *pacek wooden nail,
dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel 3733 PAN *pacek wooden nail, dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel [doublet: *pasek]
Note: With root *-cek ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’. [cf root *-sek₂ insert, stick into a soft surface] Blust (1970:134) reconstructs *pacek ‘place upright in the earth’, but cites only WMP cognates. Makassarese pasoʔ ‘nail, pin, peg’ is assumed to reflect *pasuk.
27231 *paCak spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal 3732 PAN *paCak spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal
32515 10855 10856 10857 PWMP *pada pada equally, without distinction
32516 *padaŋ uncultivated field, open grassland; field covered with sword grass (Imperata cylindrica) 10858 PWMP *padaŋ uncultivated field, open grassland; field covered with sword grass (Imperata cylindrica)
Note: Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *pa(n)daŋ ‘Grasfläche, Steppe, Ebene’ (grassy plain, steppe, level ground’. However this characterization misrepresents the nature of tropical grasslands, which in most cases are secondary products of human deforestation for swidden agriculture. PWMP *padaŋ appears to contrast with PAn *CaluN ‘fallow land, secondary forest’. While *CaluN referred to land that has been cultivated and is being held for further use, *padaŋ evidently referred to open areas of deforested land that had lost its value for cultivation as a result of the irreversible incursion of Imperata cylindrica. In a number of languages the name for a previously cultivated area that had gone over to sword grass was transferred to the invasive grass itself (cp. PAn *eRiq, *Riaq, *Remeja, all of which mean ‘sword grass: Imperata cylindrica’, and never refer to fields or represent any other meaning.
27233 3734 PWMP *padaw kind of sailboat [doublet: *parahu]
Note: Bintulu a before an implosive stop indicates a loanword. Wilkinson (1959) sub perahu ‘undecked native ship’ adds "Etym. the padao or parao of the Malabar coast, in contr. to the decked kapal." I have been unable to determine a 27234 3735 Note: Also Kadazan Dusun paok ‘chaff, husks’.
27372 3905 PWMP *pa(n)dek specklike object
32517 *padem to extinguish, douse a fire 10859 PWMP *padem to extinguish, douse a fire [doublet: *padeŋ, *pideŋ]
Note: Based on Tagalog páram ‘to disappear, vanish’, Toba Batak pidom ‘destroyed’, Javanese parem ‘a mixture of dried ground herbs and water, used as a liniment’ (pain destroyer), and Malay padam, Dempwolff (1938) posited *padem ‘to extinguish’, a form which is far better supported by the data given here .
32518 *padeŋ to extinguish, douse a fire 10860 PAN *padeŋ to extinguish, douse a fire [doublet: *padem, *pideŋ]
Note: Also Binukid pedeŋ ‘to extinguish, put out (a fire); to turn off (a light), Tausug pūŋ ‘put off, extinguished, shut off (as fire, radio, flow of electricity, a water tap, an engine)’, mag-pūŋ ‘to put off, shut off, extinguish (something)’, Melanau (Mukah) pajəm ‘closed, of the eyes; extinguished, of a fire’, Manggarai (Tjibal) pegem ‘to extinguish, as a fire’.
32800 *pa(n)det compact, compressed, packed in tightly 11243 PWMP *pa(n)det compact, compressed, packed in tightly
Note: Tagalog pandát is assumed to show assimilation of the last-syllable vowel to the vowel of the penult. Although the Kayan form is almost certainly native, the extension of this comparsion behind western Indoneisa may be due to borrowing from Malay.
32522 *padpád be cast adrift, cast ashore after going adrift 10868 PPh *padpád be cast adrift, cast ashore after going adrift
27373 3906 PWMP *pa(n)duŋ raised flooring
30815 *paen bait 8565 PAN *paen bait
8566 8567 PPh *paen-an to bait a trap, set the bait for
Note: It is very likely that this form is related to *kaen ‘eat’, but no clear morphological relationship can be established
27235 *pagal neck shackle to prevent an animal from passing through fences 3736 PMP *pagal neck shackle to prevent an animal from passing through fences
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance (since it is so weakly attested). The perfect phonological correspondences and highly distinctive semantics, however, suggest a historical connection.
32774 *pagas hoarse, husky (of the voice) 11215 PPh *pagas hoarse, husky (of the voice)
27236 3737 Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat pagél ‘tired, exhausted’, Makassarese paʔgalaʔ ‘slow, languid; stiff from exhaustion’.
27237 3738 PWMP *pageq firm, steady, strong
Note: Karo Batak paguh shows u for expected e. I assume that it has been reshaped under the influence of the semantically similar teguh ‘firm, strong; tough, of someone's constitution’.
27240 3741 27238 *pager enclosure; palisade around a village; fence around a planted tree or cultivated field 3739 PMP *pager enclosure; palisade around a village; fence around a planted tree or cultivated field
Note: Also Maloh pakar ‘fence’, Dairi-Pakpak Batak pagar ‘village stockade; fence of wood or bamboo’, Erai papa ‘enclosure’, Buruese pagar ‘fence’. Reflexes of *pager in Sarawak generally appear to be borrowed from Malay.This word evidently referred to a constructed enclosure that was intended to keep something out as opposed to one that was intended to keep something in (cp. *bala₂, *bara, or *baRa ‘pen, enclosure for domesticated animals’). The recurrent references to palisades suggests that PMP villages were stockaded.
27239 *pagi later, tomorrow, in the future 3740 PWMP *pagi later, tomorrow, in the future
Note: This item is not simply a widely distributed Malay loan, since the Chamic languages and the Batak languages agree in indicating an original meaning that is not attested in the Malay reflex. Its antiquity depends crucially on the subgrouping relationship of the Batak languages to the Malayo-Chamic languages, a subject that required further investigation.
32529 *pagpág brush or shake off dust or dirt 10879 PPh *pagpág brush or shake off dust or dirt
10880 PPh *i-pagpág to brush or shake off dust or dirt
Note: Also Pangasinan i-wagwág ‘shake out a sack, empty a container’. Possibly a Bikol loanword in Casiguran Dumagat.
32530 *pagpag to slap something hard 10881 PWMP *pagpag to slap something hard
Note: Possibly identical with *pagpág
27242 3743 Note: It is unclear precisely how PWMP *pagu and *paRa ‘storage shelf; attic (?)’ differed in meaning. The former may have referred to a loft or attic near the roof and the latter exclusively to a shelf or system of shelves over the hearth, but reflexes of *paRa so often include the meaning ‘loft, attic, ceiling’ that the semantic distinction between the two has been considerably blurred.
27241 3742 PWMP *pagut snap at with the mouth
Note: Sundanese pagut ‘knock against’, Javanese pagut ‘strike together’ may also be connected. The semantics of this comparison leave something to be desired. Nonetheless Hiligaynon págut, Aklanon págot appear to contain a reflex of the root *-gut ‘gnaw’ (q.v.), and the range of meanings found in other reflexes of this root includes biting, snapping, and nibbling at. Alternatively, *pagut may contain the root *-gut₂ ‘pull with a jerk’.
30012 *paheku bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum 6706 PAN *paheku bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum
7163 PWMP *paku fern
Note: Also Tagalog pakóʔ ‘fern; river fern’, Bikol pakóʔ, Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pakuʔ, Tboli hokuʔ ‘edible fern found growing along streams: Athyrium esculentum’, Iban pakuʔ ‘fern’, daun pakuʔ ‘fern frond, edible fern tips’.
32782 11223 PWMP *pahid wipe off [doublet: *paRhid]
33962 *pahpah flower (?) 12802 PAN *pahpah flower (?)
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Li (1994:252)
29918 *pahuq₁ mango tree and its fruit, probably Mangifera altissima 11007 PMP *pahuq₁ mango tree and its fruit, probably Mangifera altissima
Note: Also Maranao pahoɁ ‘mango --- giant’. Most forms in Sulawesi appear to be Malay loans, but this cannot easily be argued for reflexes in Philippine languages.
32617 11008 PWMP *pahuq₂ kind of marine fish
27243 *pai₁ where? 3744 PMP *pai₁ where?
Note: Pawley (1972) reconstructs PEOc *pai ‘where?, locative interrogative’. This item probably was preceded by a generic marker of location *i.
32841 *pai₂ to weave, plait (as a basket, door, fence) 11296 POC *pai₂ to weave, plait (as a basket, door, fence)
Note: A slightly longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (1998:82).
30258 *paid fan 7140 PAN *paid fan
32875 *pajale walk about, take a walk 11334 POC *pajale walk about, take a walk
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016a:395).
30474 *pajay rice in the field; rice plant 7675 PAN *pajay rice in the field; rice plant
7676 PAN *ka-pajay-an (gloss uncertain)
Note: Also Ifugaw (Batad) pāguy ‘rice plant, Oryza sativa before or after harvesting, i.e. a rice panicle and stalk’, Bikol pároy ‘rice still growing in the fields; rice before milling’, pag-paroy-an ‘to pay a portion of one’s debts with rice’, Toba Batak palge ‘large, select rice grains’, Buginese ase (expected **pase) ‘rice in the field’.
29945 *pajiS enemy 6625 PAN *pajiS enemy
Note: Also Favorlang/Babuza azjies ‘enemy.’
30073 *paju eyebrow 6779 POC *paju eyebrow
Note: Possibly connected with PAn *pasu ‘cheekbone’, although this seems semantically strained.
32523 10869 PMP *pak sound of a clap or smack
Note: A free-standing instance of the monosyllabic root *-pak₁ 'slap, clap'.
32604 10992 PWMP *pakal to caulk, fill a hole
32655 *pakan the weft thread in weaving 11055 PMP *pakan the weft thread in weaving
Note: PWMP *pakan clearly referred to the cross threads at right angles to the sitting weaver’s body that are woven into the already established warp threads on a loom. Since this can be seen metaphorically as ‘feeding’ the warp, it is possible that this word reflects *pa-kaen ‘to feed’ in a specialized sense that ultimately acquired a lexical existence independent of that from which it sprang.
32640 11038 PWMP *pakaw handle of an implement
32641 *pakáw bow-legged 11039 PPh *pakáw bow-legged
30396 *pakpak₁ to clap, flap the wings; sound of clapping or flapping 7507 PAN *pakpak₁ to clap, flap the wings; sound of clapping or flapping
12637 7508 PWMP *ma-makpak to slap, flap the wings
7527 PPh *p<al>akpak clap
Note: Also Maranao parapak ‘flap wings’. With root *-pak₁ ‘slap, clap’.
32539 *pakpak₂ bark of a tree; peel off bark 10898 PWMP *pakpak₂ bark of a tree; peel off bark [doublet: *bakbak₁]
33815 *pakul a fish: triggerfish sp.(?) 12608 PMP *pakul a fish: triggerfish sp.(?)
12609 POC *bakul₂ a fish: triggerfish sp.(?)
Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
32816 11268 Note: This comparison was first identified by Peekel (1984), and considerably expanded by Ross (2008:331). The Lou form is cited from my own fieldnotes (Ross has pɔk ‘pandanus’, but this does not correspond to any of the pandanus terms I collected).
33759 12521 Note: Possibly a product of chance.
27261 *pala platform 3764 POC *pala₁ platform [disjunct: *paRa 'firewood shelf above the hearth']
27247 *pala pala₁ scaffolding, support 3749 PWMP *pala pala₁ scaffolding, support [doublet: *paraq paraq]
Note: Also Bontok bala-bála ‘arch’. Dempwolff (1934-38) conflated several distinct cognate sets under an apparently nonexistent form *para ‘rack, stand, frame’. Tagalog pala-pala was compared (1) with Toba Batak, Malay para-para, Ngaju Dayak pahe, and Malagasy fara-fara, all of which evidently reflect PMP *paRa ‘storage shelf’; (2) with Sa'a para, which reflects PMP *bara ‘pen, enclosure for domesticated animals’; and (3) with Fijian vara ‘scaffolding, platform, stage’, which does not appear to be related to either of the foregoing. Rotuman hara ‘frame, framework, stand’ may be cognate with the WMP forms cited here, but if so has lost its original reduplicative character.
27248 3750 PPh *pala pala₂ temporary shed
Note: Also Cebuano palaʔ-palaʔ ‘temporary shed without walls, with a flat roof’.
27249 *palaj₁ palm of hand, sole of foot 3751 PMP *palaj₁ palm of hand, sole of foot
Note: Also Bikol párad ‘palm of the hand, sole of the foot’, Sangir palédeʔ ‘palm of hand, sole of foot’. In PPh, *palaj evidently referred not only to the palm of the hand and sole of the foot, but also to one's fate or destiny as inferred from the reading of the lines in one's palm.
27250 3752 Note: Probably identical to *palaj ‘palm of the hand, lines in the palm’. Malay palar ‘counting on, expecting’ is assumed to be a loan from Javanese.
32842 *palaja rabbitfish: Siganus sp. 11297 POC *palaja rabbitfish: Siganus sp.
Note: Also Wayan volaca ‘spinefoot: Siganus vermiculatus lineatus. A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond (2011:109-110).
27252 3754 27253 3755 POC *palala bald; a bald person
Note: Puluwat pal is assumed to show syllable reduction by haplology. A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (2016a:95), who proposed POc *pwalala ‘bald’, with the initial labiovelar presumably based on Mussau vāla ‘bald’. However, the latter form contains several problems, and is perhaps best treated with caution.
27254 *palantik curved 3756 PWMP *palantik curved
Note: With root *-tik ‘curved’.
27262 *palaŋ₁ thwart, crosspiece 3765 PMP *palaŋ₁ thwart, crosspiece
Note: Also Rembong paleŋ ‘lie athwart’, Ngadha pale ‘crossbeam, crossbar, girder’, Molima bala-bala ‘put crosswise’ (see *bara₂), Eddystone/Mandegusu pala-pala ‘horizontal supports of a roof’.
27263 *palaŋ₂ spotted 3766 PWMP *palaŋ₂ spotted
Note: With root *laŋ₂ ‘striped’.
27255 *palapaq spices, condiments 3757 PWMP *palapaq spices, condiments
Note: Tiruray falaʔfa may show metathesis of the final glottal stop. However, this word clearly is a loan, and could preserve a preconsonantal glottal stop that was regularly lost in the other languages. If so, this reconstruction should be *palaqpaq.
27257 3760 Note: Also Kambera para ‘female genitalia’. Maloh (and the other Malayic languages) may share an immediate common ancestor with Malagasy (and the other Barito languages). If so the form reconstructed here is properly assigned to that lower-level proto-language rather than to PWMP. On the other hand, if the similarity of Kambera para (which does not show recurrent phonological correspondences with the Maloh and Malagasy forms) is ultimately due to genetic relationship this form must have existed in PMP.
27256 *palaqpaq midrib of coconut leaf 3758 PMP *palaqpaq midrib of coconut leaf [doublet: *paqpaq₂]
3759 POC *balapaq mid-rib of coconut leaf
Note: Also Iban pelepah ‘stalk or rib of palm leaf’, Malay pelepah ‘frond, palm leaf’, Tongan palalafa ‘stalk (or stalk and midrib) of a coconut leaf’. This item may have been morphologically complex (*p-al-aqpaq), and in PWMP may have referred both to the midrib of palm and banana leaves and to the leaves themselves.
27259 *palata fish sp. 3762 PMP *palata fish sp.
27260 3763 Note: Also Hanunóo paláwun (< *palaw + suffix?) ‘freshwater fish with reddish sides’.
33895 *palawan a tree: Tristania spp. 12721 PWMP *palawan a tree: Tristania spp.
Note: The Bikol form in this comparison is from Madulid (2001).
27264 *paleCuk shoot, sound of shooting 3767 PAN *paleCuk shoot, sound of shooting
Note: Also Itbayaten paltug ‘gun, revolver, pistol’, Pangasinan paltóg ‘sound of or like gunfire; to shoot’, Malay pelatok ‘trigger of a firearm’, Javanese platuk platuk ‘trigger, hammer for cocking a gun’. Possibly with root *-Cuk ‘knock, pound, beat’.
27265 *paletik spring-spear, spring-gun 3768 PWMP *paletik spring-spear, spring-gun
Note: With root *-tik₁ ‘spring up, flicking motion’. The Casiguran Dumagat and Bikol terms for outrigger connecting beams may be related through reference to a common curving shape, or may be convergent developments which contain the root *-tik ‘curved’.
27266 *pale(n)tik spring-set spear trap 3769 PWMP *pale(n)tik spring-set spear trap [doublet: *pilantik]
27276 3780 PCEMP *pali₁ side, half [disjunct: *baliw]
Note: In Blust (1981b) the Oceanic members of this comparison, along with certain other forms, were assigned to *baliw.
32817 *paliaRua a vine: Merremia peltata 11269 POC *paliaRua a vine: Merremia peltata
Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first presented by Ross (2008:234). Although all the forms cited here appear to be related, they do not permit a straightforward reconstruction, and better evidence for this form is desirable.
27267 3770 PWMP *palij blown away by the wind [doublet: *palis₁]
Note: Also Agutaynen palied ‘for something to be blown away, carried away by the wind’. This word may indicate that the proto-form was *palied, although I reserve judgement on this issue until independent evidence is found for reconstructing a trisyllable.
27277 *paliŋ turn (as the prow of a boat) 3781 PMP *paliŋ turn (as the prow of a boat)
27269 *paliq₁ an internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas 3772 PAN *paliq₁ an internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas
Note: Also Malay peléh, pelih ‘liver’.
27270 *paliq₂ wound 3773 PWMP *paliq₂ wound
Note: Also Aklanon pálʔit ‘scar, bald spot (on head)’.
27272 *palis₁ blown away by the wind 3776 PWMP *palis₁ blown away by the wind [doublet: *palij]
27273 3777 Note: Also Mentawai (southern dialect) palit ‘bad luck’.
27274 3778 27271 *paliSi taboo, ritual restriction; purifying rite 3774 PAN *paliSi taboo, ritual restriction; purifying rite
7308 POC *pali₂ taboo
3775 12715 PAN *paliSi-an taboo
Note: Manobo (Western Bukidnon) lihiy-an , Kelabit alih both suggest that *paliSi is morphologically complex, but they point to different stems *liSi and *aliSi respectively). Both forms probably represent secondary developments through analogical backformation. Among PCMP languages Kambera palili ‘forbidden, taboo’ (with partial rightward reduplication?) may be cognate, but Bimanese pamali ‘taboo’ probably is a loan from Malay.
27275 *palit exchange 3779 PPh *palit exchange
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) included the Tagalog form, together with Toba Batak palit (ma-malit boru) ‘accept a virgin as payment for a debt because the creditor wishes to make her a daughter-in-law’ and Malagasy faditra ‘any offering to avert evil, a piaculum’ under an etymon *palit ‘return gift’. However, the description of Toba Batak palit in Warneck (1977 [1906]), the similar description of Dairi-Pakpak Batak alit in Manik (1977), and the gloss of Malagasy faditra suggest that neither of these items is related to Philippine reflexes of *palit. Moreover, within the Philippines both the Casiguran Dumagat and the Pangasinan forms could be loans from Tagalog.
27278 3782 27279 3783 32605 10993 PWMP *palpal₂ flat, even, level [disjunct: *parpar]
32531 *palpál₁ hit, beat with hand or club in order to kill 10882 PPh *palpál₁ hit, beat with hand or club in order to kill
32532 *palpál₂ tethering stake; drive a stake into the ground 10883 PPh *palpál₂ tethering stake; drive a stake into the ground
32540 *palpal₁ short, cropped, trimmed 10899 PWMP *palpal₁ trimmed short, as grass; bare (of a field)
Note: Also Old Javanese papal ‘breaking in two, snapping’, Javanese di-papal ‘be
cut or hacked off ‘. Based on the Toba Batak and Javanese forms given here Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *palpal ‘remove the hair; be bald’.
32818 11270 27281 3785 27282 *palu₂ adze 3786 PWMP *palu₂ adze
Note: Possibly connected with *palu₁ if the principal use of this adze was the working of sago trunks.
30376 7422 PAN *palu₃ to hammer, pound, hit
7423 PMP *palu to hammer, to hit with a hard implement
7424 PAN *palu-palu hammer, mallet, instrument for pounding or hammering
Note: Also Ifugaw pallú ‘heavy stick to beat somebody with, as a recalcitrant slave or servant, or an animal (e.g. a water buffalo, a pig, a cow for causing damage in one’s plantation or field)’, Tagalog páloʔ ‘beating or striking with a stick or the hand, usually by way of punishment; swipe, a hard blow; batting, hitting a ball with a bat’, Cebuano páluʔ ‘hit, slap in punishment’, Tausug páluʔ ‘to hit, strike (something) with a stick’, Sasak palu ‘hammer’ (< Malay), Kédang paluq ‘beat, hit, strike’.
Some writers, as English (1986) treat this as a borrowing of Spanish palo ‘stick, cudgel’, but cognates outside the Philippines, and the occasional use of this word as a verb meaning ‘hit with the fists’ suggest that the similarity between Spanish palo and forms in Philippine languages is due to chance. Dempwolff (1938) also included Fijian valu ‘to make war on, be at war with’, but the connection of this form to the others cited here is more doubtful. The other question that arises in connection with this comparison is why Iban and several Central Philippine languages reflect a final glottal stop. Initially this appears to support the proposal of Zorc (1996) that PAn and various of its descendant proto-languages had a glottal stop distinct from *q. However, it is clear that word-final glottal stop is often historically secondary in Iban, and it therefore seems best to treat Iban paluʔ as equivalent to palu.
32801 *palu₄ to make war on, fight with 11244 POC *palu₄ to make war on, fight with
Note: Possibly identical to PAn *palu₃ ‘to hammer, pound, hit’.
32627 *páluŋ cockscomb; cut off a cock’s comb 11022 PPh *páluŋ cockscomb; cut off a cock’s comb
27284 3790 9415 9416 32628 *paluŋ₂ wave at sea, sea swell 11023 PPh *paluŋ₂ wave at sea, sea swell
Note: Isneg palóŋ is a likely Ilokano loanword, but this seems highly unlikely for Itbayaten.
27280 3784 32541 *pampám prostitute 10900 PPh *pampám prostitute
Note: Possibly a loan distribution, but if so the source is unclear.
27292 3805 Note: In many languages reflexes of this form are indistinguishable from reflexes of the far more common PAn *paNaw, POc *pano ‘go away, depart, leave on a journey’. Label han is assumed to reflect POc *pana rather than *pano since its closest relatives which have preserved the final vowel point to *-a.
27285 *panahik climb 3791 PMP *panahik climb
3792 POC *panek climb
Note: Also Samoan fānaʔe ‘(of moon and tide) rise’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *nahik ‘climb, ascend’, but the evidence for his reconstruction is far less persuasive than the evidence for *panahik. Apart from the Javanese form cited here, Dempwolff compared Ngaju Dayak naik ‘rise, climb (as the price of something), increase’, Malay naik ‘motion up. Of mounting or rising, either literally or figuratively’, and Toba Batak naek, naik ‘ascend, climb, rise in esteem’. The Malay form could be a back-formation from **memenaik-i (reduced to attested menaik-i by haplology, then interpreted as deriving from a prefixed base naik).
Both the Ngaju Dayak and Toba Batak words, as well as Bimanese neʔe ‘climb’ appear to be Malay loans, and so do not constitute independent evidence for the disyllable. More serious as evidence for *nahik are Isneg uneʔ ‘enter a house, mount the ladder, climb a tree’, Casiguran Dumagat unek ‘climb up a tree’. However, these and similar forms in other languages of northern Luzon contain an unexplained initial syllable that would have to reflect *u-. Mongondow onik ‘go upward!’, mo-onik ‘high’, monik ‘upwards; sometimes: northwards’ points to *anahik rather than *unahik, while Bare'e nae ‘rise slightly (as a trail)’, ma-nai ‘rise, esp. of water in larger rivers (Poso, Puna) and the sea’ probably is a chance resemblance (cf. Bare'e pone for the true cognate). Finally, if Dempwolff's *nahik is accepted it is difficult on both formal and semantic grounds to establish a regular morphological relationship between it and *panahik.
27286 *panapa needlefish sp. 3793 POC *panapa needlefish sp.
Note: Also Palauan uláɁ ‘needlefish’.
29847 *panaq throw something at a target; shoot with bow and arrow 6474 PAN *panaq throw something at a target; shoot with bow and arrow
6476 PAN *p<in>anaq shoot with a bow
6477 PAN *p<um>anaq shoot with a bow
6475 Note: Also Palauan báləɁ ‘slingshot; any material used as a slingshot; arrow; action of shooting with a slingshot’. Despite widespread reflexes in this meaning, PAn *panaq almost certainly did not mean ‘bow’, since this can be reconstructed confidently as *busuR. Instead, *panaq was a verb meaning something like ‘shoot at a target, try to hit with a projectile.’ In many daughter languages it became a noun, enough so that languages such as Malay and Kambera use the terms ‘mother of shooting’ for ‘bow’ and ‘child of shooting’ for ‘arrow’. Whether these complex expressions already existed in PMP, or are products of convergence remains unclear. The actor voice of this verb was formed with *-um- in PAn, but apparently this construction was replaced in PMP by prefixation with *maŋ-.
27287 3794 PMP *panas₁ warm, hot [doublet: *panes]
11259 PMP *panas-i to heat up, warm up
3795 3796 PCEMP *panas-panas somewhat warm very warm (?)
3797 3798 Note: Despite its wide distribution reflexes of this item are unknown in Taiwan, the Philippines, northern Borneo, and much of Melanesia. PMP *panas clearly was a stative verb (marked by *ma-. It evidently referred to the heat of the sun, the heat of fever, and to the heating of food, drink, and other material objects. Judging from the wide distribution of figurative senses, it apparently also referred to the emotions, particularly anger, and possibly to ‘pungent, hot-tasting’. Karo Batak panas-en ‘to sweat’, Balinese panes-in (cf. *panes) be ‘worried, made hot’ support a suffixed form *panas-en in PWMP or a descendant language. (4) *panas-panas may be a product of convergence.
27288 3799 Note: Also Malay panas-en ‘a tree: Homalium longifolium W.’. Probably the same morpheme as *panas₁ ‘hot’. Not to be confused with the 27289 *panaw fungus infection which produces light patches on the skin: Tinea flava or Pityriasis 3800 PMP *panaw₁ fungus infection which produces light patches on the skin: Tinea flava or Pityriasis
3801 PWMP *panaw-en be affected by tinea
Note: Also Palauan báləɁ ‘slingshot; any material used as a slingshot; arrow; action of shooting with a slingshot’, Old Javanese panu ‘a white spot (of powder?) on the skin (made deliberately as a mark?)’, Javanese panu ‘skin disease causing light-colored blemishes’. I assume that Rejang panau ‘tinea’ is a loan from Malay.
27291 *panay dish, bowl (of clay or wood) 3804 PMP *panay dish, bowl (of clay or wood)
Note: Also Makassarese panne ‘porcelain plate’, Buruese pane ‘saucepan’. Gonda (1973 [1952]:80) attributes the Old Javanese and Sasak forms to borrowing from South Dravidian languages (cf. 31256 *pandak short in height, squat and compact in build, of a person 9306 PMP *pandak short in height, squat and compact in build, of a person
Note: Also Ilokano pandáka ‘dwarf; dwarfish’, Malay andak ‘short, but limited to a few expressions, like andak-kan layar ‘to shorten sail, to reef’; also a familiar name for a fourth or fifth child in a family if a girl; andak-andak ‘at times’; péndék ‘short’, Tae' pandaɁ ‘very short, very small’, Komodo panda ‘low, short’.
32819 11271 Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution. With root *-duŋ ‘shelter, protect’
27293 3806 PWMP *panes warm, hot [doublet: *panas₁]
27297 *pani₁ give 3811 POC *pani₁ give
Note: In transitive constructions this verb stem required the object suffix *-a.
32820 *pani₂ apply oil or paint to the body 11272 POC *pani₂ apply oil or paint to the body
Note: This comparison was first noted by Chowning (1991:47), and expanded by Osmond and Ross (1998:101).
27295 *paniki fruit bat, flying fox: Pteropus spp. 3809 PMP *paniki fruit bat, flying fox: Pteropus spp.
Note: Also Kapampangan paníkiʔ ‘a bat, the largest variety’, Tagalog pánikiʔ ‘large herbivorous bat’, Bare'e paneki, Manggarai néki ‘flying fox’, Sika nii ‘bat’. Mills (1975:796) considers the nasal ambiguous, but Kapampangan, Bare'e, and Chamorro all point to *n, Makassarese pañiki evidently showing a sporadic palatalization. The consonant gemination in several of the Cordilleran languages of northern Luzon remains unexplained.
This widely distributed term was replaced by *mpekʷa in POc, and by a variety of terms in Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Lombok. In some languages of the Lesser Sundas, reflexes of *paniki refer both to the large tree-roosting fruit bat (Pteropus sp.) and to the smaller insectivorous cave bats. These two are lexically distinguished in so many languages that an original distinction seems likely, but no good reconstruction is yet available for the latter. It is possible that the greater diachronic stability of *paniki is due to its economic importance, since the flying fox is regarded as a delicacy among many Austronesian-speaking peoples.
27298 *paniŋ bait 3814 PCEMP *paniŋ bait; fodder; to feed animals
3815 POC *baniŋ bait
Note: Also Yamdena fane ‘feed, give food to’; fa-fane ‘bait’, Cheke Holo bai-na ‘bait, primarily for fishing’.
27296 3810 PWMP *panit to skin, flay [doublet: *baNiC]
27299 *pantad sandbank, sandbar; shore, beach 3816 PWMP *pantad sandbank, sandbar; shore, beach
33550 12283 PPh *pantaR coarse sand, gravel
Note: This comparison was first proposed schematically by Zorc (1986:164).
27300 *pantay flat, level (of ground) 3817 PWMP *pantay flat, level (of ground) [doublet: *pa(n)tar₁]
27301 3818 PWMP *pantek spotted, dappled [disjunct: *paCak]
Note: With root PAn *-Cek, PMP *-tek ‘mottled pattern’.
32823 11275 Note: With root *-tuk₄ ‘top, summit, crown’.
27303 3820 PPh *panuqus stench, sour smell
Note: Also Tagalog panís ‘stale and spoiled (said of cooked left-over or neglected foods). Casiguran Dumagat panís ‘spoiled (of cooked food, rice, fish, meat, etc.) is assumed to be a loan from Tagalog.
27290 3802 PAN *paNaw go, walk away, depart
7929 PMP *panaw₂ go, walk away, depart
3803 POC *pano go
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *pa(n)aw ‘go, walk’. However, a number of Philippine languages, Nias of Western Indonesia, Buli of Eastern Indonesia and such Oceanic languages as Arosi of the Southeast Solomons justify the reconstruction of a meaning more like ‘depart (on foot), leave on a journey’. This interpretation appears to be supported by the probably independent development of the metaphorical sense ‘die; death’ in Ilokano, Tagalog, and Samoan. The generalization of this meaning to ‘go, walk’ (or its similar misconstrual by the compilers of some dictionaries) is readily comprehensible.
PWMP *panaw may have taken the infix *-um-, but the available evidence is indeterminate: Isneg p-um-ánaw ‘go away, depart, withdraw’, Ilokano p-um-ánaw ‘go away, leave, quit, depart’, Bisaya (Limbang) manaw ‘go, walk’ (from *p-um-anaw with loss of the first syllable, or from *panaw with homorganic nasal substitution?). Similarly, POc may have had both *pano ‘depart’ and *pano-ŋa ‘journey’: Mota vano-ŋa ‘journey; coming, going’, Niue fano-ŋa ‘journey; company of travellers’, possibly Bugotu vano-ña ‘a journey, a going’ (if Ivens’ vano-gna is a typographical error for vano-ŋa). The agreement of reduplication in Rejang paneuw-paneuw ‘go for a walk’ and such OC forms as Tuvaluan fano-fano ‘until’, Rennellese hano-hano ‘genealogy’, on the other hand, is almost certainly due to chance. For a thorough discussion of the extended meanings of *panaw in Oceanic languages cf. Lichtenberk (1991).
30995 *paNid wing 8898 PAN *paNid wing
8899 PMP *panid wing [doublet: *panij]
Note: Also Thao pali ‘wing’. This form either underwent an irregular change of PAn *-d to PMP *-j, or a doublet *panij ‘wing’ arose in PMP next to inherited *panid.
27294 *paNij wing 3807 PAN *paNij wing [doublet: *paNid]
3808 POC *banic wing
Note: Also Buginese panniʔ ‘wing’.
30538 *paNiŋ door 7822 PAN *paNiŋ door
27360 3892 27381 3918 PMP *paŋ bang! loud popping sound
32899 *paŋ- nominal prefix marking instruments, or products of an action 11360 PWMP *paŋ- nominal prefix marking instruments, or products of an action
27362 *paŋa₁ fork of a branch; any forked structure; bifurcation 3894 PAN *paŋa₁ fork of a branch; any forked structure; bifurcation
Note: Also Iban paŋaʔ ‘angle; forked, branching’, Bahasa Indonesia paŋah ‘gaping, wide open (mouth, beak)’. With root *-ŋa(q) ‘gape, open the mouth wide’. Dempwolff (1934-38) compared the Tagalog form with Ngaju Dayak paŋa ‘wooden restraining block in which the feet of criminals are placed’, Fijian vaŋa ‘the leech of a canoe sail’ and various reflexes of PPn *faŋa ‘bay’, all of which are excluded here. The semantic unity of the forms included in the present comparison is confirmed by the recurrent association of such variable meanings with the root *-ŋa(q) in other morphemes (cf. Roots).
32843 11298 Note: Possibly identical to PAn *paŋa₁ ‘fork of a branch’. A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:46).
32656 11056 27359 11176 3890 PMP *p<in>aŋan food; to feed, nourish
3891 PWMP *paŋan-an (gloss uncertain)
11208 11740 POC *paŋan-i pet animal, animal that is tamed by humans feeding it
32900 *paŋánay first-born child, eldest child 11361 PPh *paŋánay first-born child, eldest child
Note: Possibly a Tagalog loan distribution.
32876 *paŋaŋap gape, open the mouth wide 11335 POC *paŋaŋap gape, open the mouth wide
Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016c:300), who reconstructed PMP *paŋaŋap ‘gape, open the mouth wide’ without citing any non-Oceanic evidence other than the claim that *paŋ- ‘actor voice’ could combine with *qaŋa(p,b) ‘gape’. However, *paŋ- was a formative for instrumental nouns (Blust 2013, Table 6.5), not a marker of actor voice, and without actual data this higher-level proposal remains speculative.
27363 3895 PAN *paŋaq forked, pronged [disjunct: *paŋa₁ 'bifurcation']
Note: With root *-ŋa(q) ‘gape, open the mouth wide’.
27361 3893 Note: Judging from the ethnographic record *paŋasih probably was prepared and stored in a large earthenware jar. On social or ceremonial occasions it was communally consumed by sipping through long flexible tubes.
32533 *paŋat to cook fish in a rich, spicy sauce 10884 PWMP *paŋat to cook fish in a rich, spicy sauce
Note: Possibly a Malay loan distribution.
33866 *paŋel stupid, unthinking 12685 PPh *paŋel stupid, unthinking [disjunct: *paŋeR]
33867 *paŋeR stupid, unthinking 12686 PPh *paŋeR stupid, unthinking [disjunct: *paŋel]
Note: Also Cebuano paŋu ‘stupid, tending to do the wrong thing unthinkingly’.
27364 *paŋgaga a creeping plant: Hydrocotyle asiatica 3896 PWMP *paŋgaga a creeping plant: Hydrocotyle asiatica
Note: Also Makassarese paʔgagaʔ ‘kind of stemless vegetable that grows in damp places (cooked as a vegetable): Centella asiatica’.
27365 *paŋgaŋ roast over a fire, toast 3897 PWMP *paŋgaŋ roast over a fire, toast
32802 11245 PWMP *paŋgaw sleeping platform
27366 *paŋguŋ heap, pile; elevated platform used as a look-out 3898 PWMP *paŋguŋ heap, pile; elevated platform used as a look-out
3899 PWMP *paŋguŋ-an elevated place
Note: Also Iban paŋgoŋ ‘theatre, theatrical stage’, Makassarese paŋgoŋ ‘raised theatre stage’, forms which are clearly borrowed from Malay.
27368 3901 PWMP *paŋi a tree: Pangium edule
27367 *paŋil ankle 3900 PWMP *paŋil ankle
Note: Also Atta (Pamplona) biŋil, Ilokano piŋíl ‘ankle’, Hanunóo bíŋul ‘heel’, Aborlan Tagbanwa bɨŋɨlbɨŋɨl, Lun Dayeh, Kelabit beŋil ‘ankle’. Warren (1959) gives Palawan Batak paŋi-páŋil ‘foot’.
32657 *paŋkal visible tree roots above the ground 11057 PWMP *paŋkal visible tree roots above the ground
Note: The semantics of this form are very similar to those of PMP *puqun ‘base of a tree; cause, source, origin; beginning.’ It is unclear how they differed in meaning.
27369 3902 32754 *paŋku carry in front of one; hold in the lap 11190 PWMP *paŋku carry in front of one; hold in the lap
Note: Possibly a Malay loan distribution, since a cognate is yet to be found in any Philippine language other than Tagalog.
32844 *paŋoda hunt for shellfish on the reef 11299 POC *paŋoda hunt for shellfish on the reef
Note: Also Bugotu vagoda ‘to hunt for shellfish on the reef’. A longer version of this comparison was first pointed out by Osmond, Pawley, and Ross (2003:106).
27379 *paŋpaŋ steep slope (as of riverbank or mountain) 3912 PWMP *paŋpaŋ steep slope (as of riverbank or mountain)
3913 PWMP *paŋpaŋ-an embankment, cliff
3914 PPh *ka-paŋpaŋ-an riverbank
Note: Also Muna pimpi ‘cliff, steep slope (as seen from below)’. Dempwolff (1934-38) included the Tagalog and Malagasy forms together with Ngaju Dayak pampaŋ ‘the ends of the antlers of deer; the tips of anything similar’, Malay pampaŋ (not in Wilkinson 1959) ‘broad surface’ under a reconstruction *paŋpaŋ ‘stand apart’.
27380 *paŋudaN pandanus 3915 PAN *paŋudaN pandanus
3916 PMP *paŋedan pandanus
3917 POC *padran pandanus
Note: Also Saisiyat (Tungho) maːpaŋraŋ ‘pandanus’, Sangir pondaŋ ‘Pandanus latifolius’, Tontemboan, Mongondow pondaŋ ‘pandanus’, Bare'e pondani ‘Pandanus fasicularis (a littoral pandanus the leaves of which serve as plaiting material)’, Tae' pondan ‘pineapple (the fibers of the leaves are used as thread in weaving clothes and these fibers are also called pondan)’, Mandar pandeŋ ‘pineapple’, Rembong pandaŋ ‘sisal: Agave sisalana’, Sika pedaŋ ‘cactus’, pedaŋ eaŋ ‘pineapple’, Kambera pàndaŋu ‘pandanus tree (the leaves are used in the plaiting of baskets and mats)’, Rotinese henak ‘pandanus; pineapple’, Tetun hedan ‘a plant )of the pineapple or Bromeliaceous family) used for making baskets and other artifacts’, Leti edna ‘pineapple’, Moa edna ‘pandanus’, edna melaj-e ‘pineapple’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *panDan, but Formosan witnesses attest directly and Philippine witnesses indirectly (through the cluster -ŋd-) to an original tri-syllable.
The sporadic loss of the medial vowel everywhere outside Taiwan can be taken as one small piece of evidence for the MP subgroup. Irregular reflexes are so common throughout Sulawesi that they can be taken to support a variant *pondan (with borrowing into some languages). Similarly, reflexes with first-syllable shwa are pervasive in the Lesser Sundas, and suggest a PCMP variant *pendan. Although the P. odoratissimus and P. tectorius are the species most commonly noted in dictionary glosses, the term *paŋudaN evidently referred to all Pandanaceae. Varieties of this economically important plant were widely used in the plaiting of mats and baskets. As noted by Mills (1975:793), the frequent lexical equation between the native pandanus and the introduced (South American) pineapple may be due to similarities in the thorny leaves (cf. also Sika pedaŋ ‘cactus’). As a basis for this equation one could, however, point equally to the clustered (and edible) pandanus fruits, which collectively resemble the shape and external texture of the pineapple.
32877 11336 Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016c:304), who reconstruct POc *paŋus, *paŋus-i. Howver, their derivation of Lou aŋus from *paŋus is impossible, since Lou lost POc *-V(C). It is conceivable that the Lou word reflects *paŋus-i, but the evidence for suffixation in this form is weak to begin with, and I prefer to treat it as an original trisyllable.
27370 *pa(m)pa a tree: Vitex pubescens 3903 PMP *pa(m)pa a tree: Vitex pubescens
Note: Also Numfor baf (anticipated **faf) ‘good timber tree: Vitex cofassus’. This comparison was first noted in print by Verheijen (1984), who has identified its referent as the Vitex pubescens in several WMP languages for which my sources provide insufficient botanical information.
32542 *papa father 10901 PMP *papa₂ father
Note: Presumably an affectionate term in child language for *ama.
32845 *papaba slipper lobster; crayfish 11300 POC *papaba slipper lobster; crayfish
Note: A much longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Pawley (2011:167).
32901 11362 PPh *papag bamboo platform, shelf
Note: Part of this comparison may be due to borrowing from Tagalog.
32803 11246 11247 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.
30642 *papan plank, board; floor boards of house 8152 PMP *papan plank, board; floor boards of house
8153 POC *baban board, plank, side of canoe
Note: Also Ida'an Begak pepan ‘planks’, Sasak banban ‘thick plank; plank above the corpse in a grave’, Rembong papan ‘writing board’ (< Malay), Rotinese papa ‘plank, board’ (probably < Malay), Eddystone/Mandegusu papene ‘board, plank of a canoe’, Toqabaqita aba ‘board, plank, strip, lath of something’. Although this term referred specifically to hewn planks used in the construction of houses or canoes, it also appears to have had the more general sense of ‘flat, hard surface’ or just ‘flat, of a surface’, as shown by the reflexes in Waray-Waray, Cebuano, Ngaju Dayak, Malagasy, Iban, Sundanese, Manam, Lau, Arosi, Samoan, Anuta, Maori, and Hawaiian. The shape of the POc reconstruction is unclear. Bugotu and Fijian agree in reflecting POc *bapan, and Sa'a, 'Āre'āre, Arosi hapa appear to be metathesized products of the same form. On the other hand, Palauan wlawl and hapa ‘plank’ in the Southeast Solomons could be used to support a PMP variant *panpan, in which case the expected POc continuation would be *paban. However, most Oceanic languages show identical reflexes of both consonants, and suggest POc *baba. Tentatively I adopt the reconstruction given here, and assume that the pan-Austronesian avoidance of dissimilar labials as the onsets of successive syllables caused most Oceanic languages to level the distinction between the first two consonants in this base.
27304 3821 Note: Also Amis papah ‘leaf’. Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *papaq, but cross-referenced it to *p-al-apaq and cited supporting evidence only for the latter reconstruction.
27305 *papaR cheek 3822 PCEMP *papaR cheek
3823 POC *babaR side of the face, cheek; side planks of a canoe
Note: Also Soboyo popa ‘cheek’. Stresemann (1927:52) gives SUBM *papa- ‘cheek’, but supports his reconstruction with a single reflex (Wolu fafa-). It is possible that the Molima, Lau, and Fijian words that refer to the sideboards of a canoe actually reflect PMP *papan ‘plank, board’.
27371 3904 Note: With root *pet ‘plugged, stopped, closed off’.
27307 3825 POC *papi cook in an earth oven
27308 3826 30397 *paqa₁ thigh 7509 PAN *paqa₁ thigh
Note: Also Tiruray foʔoʔ, Iban pah, Balinese pehe ‘thigh’. Dempwolff (1938) also included Fijian yava- ‘the leg below the knee, including the foot’, but it is not at all clear that this form reflects PAn *paqa.
30398 *paqa₂ stalk or stem of a plant 7510 PMP *paqa₂ stalk or stem of a plant
Note: Possibly the same morpheme as PMP *paqa ‘thigh’. Dempwolff (1938) united both meanings under a single form, but presented very little evidence for *paqa in the meaning ‘stalk, stem’.
32878 11337 POC *paqaRok snatch, seize, rob
Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross (2016a:467).
32879 11338 PAN *paqeju gall, gall bladder
Note: This variant is confined to Formosan languages, but these belong to several geographically separated primary branches of the family, so its antiquity is guaranteed. It appears likely that PAn had both *paqeju and *qapeju, and that only the latter survived in PMP. This comparison was first noted in print by Tsuchida (1976:224).
27310 *paq(e)liŋ visible defect of the eyes 3828 PPh *paq(e)liŋ visible defect of the eyes
Note: With root *-liŋ₂ ‘cross-eyed’.
30131 *paqet wood-working tool: chisel 6870 PMP *paqet wood-working tool: chisel
8600 POC *paqot wood-working tool: chisel
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat pait ‘chisel (carpenter’s tool); to chisel’ (< Tagalog), Ifugaw (Batad) paʔut ‘wood chisel’, Tombulu paat ‘chisel’ (< Malay), Lun Dayeh faat ‘a knife for tapping rubber’ (< Malay), Dairi-Pakpak Batak pahat ‘chisel’, me-mahat ‘to chisel’ (< Malay), Old Javanese a-mahat ‘tap palm sap by notching’, pahat-an ‘areca palm’, pahat ‘sculpture’, p<in>ahat ‘shape by cutting or sculpturing (gold, stone)’ (probably < Malay), Manggarai paʔak ‘chisel; to chisel’, Rotinese paʔa-bela ‘flat or level chisel’ (< Malay).
30132 *paqiC hotness of taste, spiciness; bitterness 6871 PAN *paqiC hotness of taste, spiciness; bitterness
6872 PMP *paqit₂ bitter(ness)
6874 PAN *ma-paqiC bitter
6875 PMP *ma-paqit bitter
6876 PPh *paqit-an a plant: Lunasia amara
Note: Also Pazeh pazit ‘bitter’, Bunun (Takituduh) ma-paʔic ‘bitter’, Tsou paʔici ‘bitter cucumber’, Saaroa paʔis ‘spicy’, Balantak páket, Kayan (Uma Juman) paʔi, Toba Batak paet, Cham ma-laʔ et ‘bitter, caustic’. Despite Dyen’s (Dyen 1965) attempt to present a unified comparison, the Formosan evidence is unhelpful, as it points to several distinct forms, with only Kanakanabu agreeing in shape (but not in meaning) with Malayo-Polynesian comparata. Pazeh pazit can reflect *pasis or *pasit, Bunun forms reflect an etymon with medial glottal stop rather than *q, and as noted by Tsuchida (1976:259), the vocalism of the Tsou form is unexpected, suggesting possible borrowing from Bunun.
Although reflexes of PMP *paqit are most commonly glossed ‘bitter’, various glosses suggest that the meaning of this term did not correspond precisely to any English word, as seen in the recurrent references to the taste of fermented drinks (Kanakanabu, Ifugaw (Batad), Ibaloy, Tae'), to the acrid sensation of smoke entering the nostrils (Ifugaw (Batad)), and various references to the taste of salt or saltwater (Ifugaw (Batad), Ibaloy, Tboli, Yakan, Malagasy, Old Javanese, Kambera). Taken as a whole this range of meanings suggests that PMP *paqit referred to a strong, somewhat objectionable taste in food. Given the semantic agreement of Saisiyat pæʔis ‘hot (taste)’ with Itawis pet ‘hotness, pungency, spiciness’ a similar meaning appears to be supported for PAn, but the various phonologically irregular forms in Formosan languages suggest that ‘bitterness’ should not be excluded from the gloss.
30899 8731 8732 PWMP *ma-maʔid to wipe, wipe off
30370 *paqis cook fish or meat wrapped in banana leaves 7412 PWMP *paqis cook fish or meat wrapped in banana leaves
7413 PWMP *p<in>aqis fish wrapped in banana leaf and cooked over hot coals
27309 *paqit kind of freshwater fish 3827 PWMP *paqit₁ kind of freshwater fish
Note: Undoubtedly = *paqit ‘bitter’, but the semantic extension to various fish apparently is old.
32824 11276 POC *paqo a plant: Heliconia spp.
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first noted by Ross (2008:421).
27311 *paqpaq₁ chew 3829 PAN *paqpaq₁ chew
10892 PMP *paqpaq₁ premasticate food for infant
Note: Also Lun Dayeh fafaaɁ ‘chewing; ask someone to chew’.
29986 *paqpaq₂ midrib of coconut frond 6675 PMP *paqpaq₂ midrib of coconut frond [doublet: *palaqpaq]
Note: Also Marshallese pāp ‘coconut frond; midrib of coconut frond’.
32804 *paqud pull inward or towards oneself 11248 PWMP *paqud pull inward or towards oneself
32825 11277 Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross (2008:292).
27323 3843 27322 *para-₁ prefix of repeated action 3842 PWMP *para- prefix of repeated action
Note: Also Aklanon pagá- future verb prefix referring to a continuing or repeated action in the future or to an action which will be in process at a given time in the future, in the object or oblique focuses, occurring in the forms paga---on (OF#1) and paga---an (OF#3).
27315 *paraq paraq trellis for plants to grow up 3835 PWMP *paraq paraq trellis for plants to grow up [doublet: *pala pala₁]
Note: Also Acehnese para ‘trellis’.
27316 *paraqu boat 3836 PMP *paraqu boat
Note: Wilkinson (1959) apparently regards Malay perahu as a 27318 *parara thunder 3838 POC *parara thunder
Note: The final l in Nauna and the medial l in Mokilese are assumed to be products of lexically specific dissimilation. This item may have meant ‘thunderclap’ in contrast to other types of thundering sound.
27319 *paras₁ shaved off, made smooth 3839 PWMP *paras₁ shaved off, made smooth
Note: Tagalog palás may be a Malay loan. Dempwolff (1934-38) compared Malagasy farana ‘made even, as the edges of anything’ rather than the form cited here. Sa'a hara ‘to rub; rubbed, used of ceremonial purification’, which he also included in the present comparison, is best treated as a chance resemblance.
32755 *paras₂ face, looks, appearance 11191 PWMP *paras₂ face, looks, appearance
Note: Possibly a Malay loan in Maranao that was then spread locally into other languages of Mindanao.
32756 *parásan rattan sp. 11192 PPh *parásan rattan sp.
32805 11249 32706 *parek murky, as water or other liquid 11125 PPh *parek murky, as water or other liquid
11126 PPh *ma-parek murky, full of sediment
27328 3850 Note: Mills (1981) compares the SSul forms with Old Malay, Old Balinese parlak, Angkola-Mandailing Batak porlak under a reconstruction "PInd" ‘garden’. This item evidently referred to an enclosed or clearly demarcated area of cultivation, perhaps primarily of fruit groves. Cense (1979) suggests that Makassarese parallakken derives from a stem allaʔ, but this almost certainly is an error.
30105 6834 Note: Also Toqabaqita fai ‘scrape the ground with hands, feet, paws (as a crab burrowing in)’.
30420 *pari₂ to divide, share out (as an inheritance?) 7554 POC *pari₂ to divide, share out (as an inheritance?)
27333 *paria bitter melon: Momordica charantia L. 3855 PWMP *paria bitter melon: Momordica charantia L. [doublet: *pariaq]
Note: Also Itbayaten pariak ‘balsam apple (Momordica balsamina L.)’. Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *-pareya ‘(bitter melon) Momordica charantia L.’.
27331 *pariama a constellation: the Seven Sisters, Pleiades 3853 PWMP *pariama a constellation: the Seven Sisters, Pleiades
Note: Also Soboyo pariama ‘the Seven Sisters, Pleiades’. Fortgens (1921) marks this as a Ternate loan, but the Ternate form in turn must have been borrowed from a language of Sulawesi or the southern Philippines. Although it is no longer analyzable, I assume that this term (a quadrisyllable) was originally polymorphemic.
27332 *pariaq the bitter melon: Momordica charantia 3854 PWMP *pariaq the bitter melon: Momordica charantia [doublet: *pariaʔ]
Note: Also Itbayaten pariak ‘an edible plant: Momordica charantia’. Zorc (1971) reconstructs PPh *-pareya ‘(bitter melon) Momordica charantia L.’.
27335 3857 PWMP *parij ditch, canal [disjunct: *parik]
Note: Tolai baret ‘gutter’, paret ‘trench’ appears to be a Malay loanword. Although Malay loans are almost unheard of in Oceanic languages, this item may have been introduced during the colonial period.
32769 11209 PWMP *parik ditch, canal [disjunct: *parij]
Note: The Maloh and Toba Batak forms could regularly reflect *parij, but Karo Batak parik could not -- hence the disjunct.
27338 *pariuk earthenware cooking pot 3864 PAN *pariuk earthenware cooking pot
Note: The reference to "metal" cooking pots in Paiwan and the languages of northern Luzon suggests borrowing. However, a source is unknown, and the glosses for Tagalog and Malay suggest an earthenware pot which may have given its name to metal cooking utensils that were subsequently introduced. Lambrecht (1978:405) states that Ifugaw palyúk ‘broad iron pot’ is an imitation of 27341 3867 Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Fijian varo to *parut ‘rasp’, but was forced by this decision to accept an irregular change. Cebuano palut ‘peel skin off (as from an apple); for the skin to get chafed; shave the head bald’ may be related through a PMP etymon *palet.
32606 10994 PWMP *parpar flat, even, level [disjunct: *palpal]
32757 11193 Note: Also Kayan (Uma Juman) ) parut ‘grater’ (< Malay). Dempwolff (1938) compared the Ngaju Dayak and Malay terms cited here with Javanese parut ‘rasp, grater’, and Fijian i varo ‘a saw’, varo-ta ‘to file, saw, or rasp’, and posited Uraustronesisch *parut ‘rasp, grater’. However, both Pigeaud (1938) and Horne (1974) give Javanese parud rather than parut, and the Fijian form is better assigned to POc *paro ‘to scrape’.
27345 *paR-₁ derivational prefix, used to form deverbal nouns 3871 PWMP *paR- derivational prefix, used to form deverbal nouns
3872 PWMP *paR- ... -an derivational circumfix, probably used to form deverbal nouns of location
Note: Wolff (1981) considers the form and meaning of *paR- within the context of a larger comparison of the morphology of Tagalog and Bahasa Indonesia. He concludes (p. 87, fn. 14): "The meanings of pag- and per- are elusive and range widely. We doubt that they can be profitably compared." It is quite possible that *paR- had multiple functions in PWMP, and that the meaning reconstructed here is only one of several glosses that may eventually be associated with this etymon.
27346 *paR-₂ numeral prefix: do x times 3874 PAN *paR-₂ divide into x (x = numeral)
Note: Probably identical to *paR-₁.
27326 *paRa₂ collective particle 3848 PMP *paRa₂ collective particle
Note: This item almost certainly was a particle rather than a prefix, since prefixal vowels, like other vowels in prepenultimate syllables, would merge as e in Malay.
27325 *paRa₁ storage shelf; attic, loft 3845 PAN *paRa₁ storage shelf; attic, loft
3846 POC *paRa, baRa storage shelf above the hearth
3847 PMP *paRa paRa storage shelf; attic, loft
Note: Also Rejang palai ‘a ceiling’. Lister-Turner and Clark (1930) list Motu hara as a 27324 *paRa-₂ reciprocal prefix 3844 PCEMP *paRa- reciprocal prefix
Note: Also Kayan pala- ‘prefix of mutual or reciprocal action’. The relationship of this item to the much better-attested Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *paRi- ‘reciprocal prefix’ is unclear, though Lanyon-Orgill's (1962) gloss for Tolai suggests that the two may have been allomorphs of a single morpheme.
27313 *paRada handle of an axe or adze 3831 PMP *paRada handle of an axe or adze
3832 POC *paRara handle of an axe or adze
Note: The second and third consonants of this form are disambiguated by Bontok and Kankanaey of northern Luzon, and by Puluwat and Woleaian of western Micronesia. The latter forms reflect POc *b, together with loss of *R and haplology Puluwat paar < *bara, Woleaian pash < *bada)."
Nggela valala (expected **valara) and Sa'a halala (expected **halara) show assimilation of POc *r to *R. Since all other witnesses have merged PMP *R and *r, it is possible that the POc form itself contained this assimilation (hence POc *paRaRa). This is, indeed what Milke (1968) reconstructed, though on the basis of no diagnostic evidence for distinguishing POc *R from *r. Palauan ordóm-el ‘handle’, merédem ‘put a handle on (knife, spear, etc.)’ may point to a variant *paRedem.
27314 *paRaek hoarse 3833 PMP *paRaek hoarse
3834 POC *paRak hoarse
Note: Also Pangasinan pagás ‘hoarse; speak hoarsely’.
27317 3837 POC *paRaq₁ to swell, boil [doublet: *mpaRoq]
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Samoan mata-fā to PAn *baReq, but could not easily reconcile either the oral grade reflex of POc *p or the irregular development of the last vowel with the development in Fijian (bo). The final consonant in this form is posited only to satisfy the Regularity Hypothesis, on the assumption that *paRaq is a doublet of POc *mpaRoq which differs in no feature other than the consonant grade of *p and the quality of the last vowel.
32880 *paRas to step, tread on something 11339 POC *paRas to step, tread on something
Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016b:473-474).
27320 *paRatpat a tree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia sp. 3840 PWMP *paRatpat a tree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia sp. [doublet: *paRepat]
Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) compared Tagalog pagátpat with Toba Batak parapat ‘kind of bamboo’, Malay perepat ‘rhizophore’ under an etymon *p-aR-atpat ‘name of a plant’. However, the Batak word appears to be unrelated and the Malay word appears to reflect a doublet *paRepat (q.v.).
27321 *paRaw hoarse 3841 PAN *paRaw hoarse
Note: Also Pazeh puhaw ‘hoarse’, Nias faru, Makassarese parro ‘hoarse’. + Malay (Ambon) paru léhér
27327 *paR(e)bu one of the four principal rafters 3849 PPh *paR(e)bu one of the four principal rafters
27329 *paRepat a tree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia sp. 3851 PWMP *paRepat a tree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia sp. [doublet: *paRatpat]
27340 3866 POC *paRi₃ cut or lop off branches
Note: Also Lakalai vale ‘to cut, as wood or a leaf, from a tree’.
27339 *paRi- prefix of reciprocal or collective action 3865 PEMP *paRi- prefix of reciprocal or collective action
Note: Also Kelabit pere- ‘reflexive prefix’. Although this affix is commonly glossed ‘reciprocal prefix’, such a description clearly oversimplifies the facts. Dempwolff (1920) posited PAn *baRi- ‘Sozialprafix’. His supporting evidence from non-Oceanic languages consisted of the Malay prefix ber- and putative fossilized affixes in Toba Batak (bor-), Sundanese(bar-), Ngaju Dayak(/bar-/), and Makassarese(/ba-/). Malay ber-, however, evidently derives from *maR- (Teeuw 1965), and the reality of the "fossilized affixes" in the other languages is open to question. Despite these problems a number of Oceanic languages clearly reflect *paRi-, and Buli fa-, fai- evidently is cognate with these forms, thus indicating Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *paRi-.
The following additional observations are noteworthy:
(1) the data in Pawley (1972:45) show that *R has irregularly disappeared in a number of reflexes in the Solomons. Some languages have doublets with and without the regular reflex of *R, which may differ in meaning: Bugotu vari- ‘prefix denoting reciprocity’, vei- ‘prefix denoting reciprocity; the suffix gi is generally added to the compound word (which may be used as a noun)’; Arosi hai- ‘reciprocal, showing mutual action; hai- differs from hari- in that the former usually shows mutual assisting or conflicting action and hari- merely combined action, but there are exceptions in both cases’. Together with Motu he- ‘prefix, with verbs indicating the reflexive, reciprocal, and state or condition’ these forms raise the possibility that POc distinguished *pai- and *paRi-. As argued in Blust (1977), however, grammatical morphemes tend to undergo sporadic compressions. The probability that this is the correct explanation in the present case is strengthened by the fact that attention to sound correspondences alone would require the reconstruction of three POc variants: *paRi-, *pai-, and *pe-. Sporadic contraction offers a more economical explanation of the correspondences, since both the loss of *R and the contraction of derived *-ai can be seen as realizations of a single tendency.
(2) It appears from the agreement of Bugotu with Fijian and various Polynesian languages that *paRi- co-occurred with *-qaki under circumstances still to be determined. (3) Ujir (Kayan) pe- ‘reciprocal prefix’ is superficially comparable to reflexes of *paRi-, since this is the shape that a reflex of *paRi- would have before consonant-initial stems. However, before vowel-initial stems we would expect Ujir peh-, not the attested pe-; for the present this resemblance is treated as a product of convergence.
(4) Finally, it is clear that reciprocal action was only a part of the meaning of *paRi-, which more generally appears to have marked actions performed by multiple experiencers. If the somewhat tenuous reconstruction POc *paRa- ‘reciprocal prefix’ is valid, it suggests that *paRa- and *paRi- divided up the semantic space involving multiple experiencers in ways yet to be precisely determined.
27334 *paRigi artificially enclosed catchment for water: well, ditch 3856 PWMP *paRigi artificially enclosed catchment for water: well, ditch
Note: Also Tiruray faligiʔ ‘a well for water’, Mongondow parigiʔ ‘well for water’, Buruese parigi ‘well’, all of which appear to be Malay loans, and Balinese parigi ‘stone steps, stairway’, which may be a loan from Old Javanese. The essence of this comparison was first noted in print by Sneddon (1984). Zoetmulder (1982) suggests that Old Javanese parigi may be a 27337 *paRiS stingray 3859 PAN *paRiS stingray
3860 PMP *paRih skate, stingray (generic); a constellation
3861 PCEMP *paRi stingray
3862 POC *paRi stingray
3863 PMP *paRih manuk large rayfish, probably manta or eagle ray
Note: Also Bare'e pagi ‘file, consisting of a block of wood wrapped in stingray skin’, Wolio pagi ‘ray (fish); file, grater, rasp’, Manggarai, Kambera pai ‘stingray’, all of which may be loans, though source languages are difficult to find for at least the first three words. This fish was valued for its rough skin, which was used like sandpaper. PMP *paRih evidently described all skates and rays, and also referred to a constellation which was conceived as resembling a skate or ray. Three CMP languages which are either closely related or geographically contiguous agree in indicating Scorpio as the constellation in question, while Malay bintaŋ pari, Maori te whai a titipa both refer to the Southern Cross or to some feature that is visually near it. The reference to a string figure used in Cat's-cradle in Fiji and parts of Polynesia may derive historically from the constellation.
Finally, reflexes of PMP *paRih manuk vividly illustrate the value of loanwords in reconstruction. In a number of languages the larger manta or eagle rays are lexically identified with eagles or bats: Loniu menuay, Ahus menwa, Pak, Leipon menwey ‘sea eagle; spotted eagle ray’, Wuvulu, Aua manua ‘sea eagle’, Gapapaiwa manu-manua ‘small (=large?) sting ray’, Chamorro fanihen tasi (lit. ‘bat of the sea’) ‘manta ray, sting ray, leopard ray’. Reflexes such as Kwaio fali-manu, Tongan fai-manu thus apparently derive from POc *paRi manuk ‘manta ray, spotted eagle ray’ (lit. ‘bird ray’). This inference is confirmed by a single known non-Oceanic reflex, which is clearly a loan: Tagalog pali-manók. Given the larger pattern of known borrowing in Tagalog, one would naturally suspect Malay as the source of this term, but pari manok apparently does not occur in Malay. Despite the difficulty of identifying a source, however, Tagalog palimanók must derive from a WMP language and the inference to PMP *paRih manuk is inescapable.
27342 *paRo₁ drill through, pierce, perforate 3868 POC *paRo₁ drill through, pierce, perforate
Note: Maori whao, given as a single dictionary entry with the meanings ‘perforate, chisel out’, probably reflects two etyma, POc *paRo₁ and POc *paqot ‘chisel’ (q.v.).
27343 3869 27344 3870 Note: The resemblance of the isolated Kwaio form to the corresponding term in WMP languages may be a product of chance. If so, this etymology is reduced to a PPh innovation.
32846 *pasa swamp 11301 POC *pasa swamp
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:55). However, they compare the Oceanic forms with Dempwolff’s *paja (= *paya) ‘swamp’ on the mistaken assumption that Dempwolff’s *j was ancestral to POc *c rather than to POc *y.
30934 8791 PMP *pasaŋ₁ pair, matching set
Note: Dempwolff (1938) also included Sa'a hata ‘to go together, to accompany one another; to set well, to be easy, comfortable’, Tongan māhaŋa ‘born together, to be twins, triplets; (in marks, score, winning a race, etc.) equal, tie; (of two bananas, etc.) growing together, joined’ Futunan, Samoan māsaŋa ‘twins’ under *pasaŋ. However, Sa'a hata is best treated as a chance resemblance without a known etymology, and the Polynesian forms appear to reflect *ma-saŋa ‘bifurcated, forked, as a branch’.
30935 *pasaŋ₂ insert, wedge in; prepare something for use 8792 PWMP *pasaŋ₂ insert, wedge in; prepare something for use
Note: Also Gayō pasuŋ ‘insert (as peg in hole)’.
32771 *pasaŋ₃ stake a bet in gambling 11211 PWMP *pasaŋ₃ stake a bet in gambling
32772 11212 Note: Possibly a Malay loan, since languages such as Toba Batak and Tae’ are spoken in inland areas far from the sea.
27347 *pasaqaN shoulder pole; carry with a shoulder pole 3875 PAN *pasaqaN shoulder pole; carry with a shoulder pole [disjunct: *pesan]
3876 PMP *pasaqan carry on the shoulders
Note: Also Toba Batak ma-morsan, Sangir ma-masaəŋ ‘carry on the shoulder’
32827 *pasa(rR) a woody plant or tree: Vitex cofassus 11279 POC *pasa(rR) a woody plant or tree: Vitex cofassus
Note: This comparison was first proposed by Milke (1961), but considerably expanded by Ross (2008:206). The current version is an abbreviation of the latter.
30666 *pasek wooden nail, dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail, dowel, or fencepost 8184 PAN *pasek wooden nail, dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail, dowel, or fencepost [doublet: *pacek]
8185 PCEMP *pasekₐ drive in, as a stake; to plant (crops)
8186 Note: Also Mbula paaza ‘to plant, put into ground’. Ross (1988:88) reconstructed POc *pasoq ‘plant (tuber+)’, but this form appears to contain the monosyllabic root
*-sek ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’ (Blust 1988), thus forcing an interpretation that the final consonant, which is ambiguous in nearly all languages he considered, is *k, not *q.
32828 11280 Note: A variant of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond (1998:132), who assigned it to ‘Proto-Eastern Oceanic’, although no such proto-language has been clearly established as distinct from Proto-Oceanic.
30936 *pasiR sandbank, shoal in river or sea 8793 PWMP *pasiR sandbank, shoal in river or sea
8794 PWMP *pasiR-an sandbar, shoal in river or sea
Note: Also Old Javanese pasir ‘sea; beach, shore, river-bank’, a-masir ‘to go to the beach (the sea); like the sea’, pasir wukir ‘sea and mountains, also: rocky (mountainous) coast?’, pasir-pasir ‘lake; beach of lake; artificial lake or pond’, pasir-an ‘strand animal’ (< Malay?), Sundanese pasir ‘sand’ (< Malay).
27348 3877 32524 *paspas₂ to brush away dust or dirt 10870 PWMP *paspas₂ to brush away dust or dirt
10871 PPh *paspas-an₁ (gloss uncertain)
32525 *paspas₃ ditch, rain channel caused by water dripping from a house roof 10872 PWMP *paspas₃ ditch, rain channel caused by water dripping from a house roof
10873 PWMP *papas-an (gloss uncertain)
32526 *paspás₄ do something quickly, in a hurry 10874 PPh *paspás₄ do something quickly, in a hurry
10875 PPh *paspas-an₂ to speed up, increase the pace of something
Note: Also Tiruray fasfas ‘to hurry something; quick; speedy’, Mapun paspas ‘speedily (in contrast to the usual pace)’, and Yakan paspas ‘to do something fast (without stopping)’, maspas ‘to exert effort or be fast in doing something’, pa-paspas to ‘exert effort or be fast in doing something’, are assumed to be loans from a Greater Central Philippines source that is yet to be identified.
27349 3878 PAN *pasu₁ cheek bone [doublet: *pasuŋ]
Note: Also Thao patuk ‘cheek’.
32881 11340 Note: Osmond and Ross (2016a:119-120) connect this with PMP *pasu/pasuŋ ‘cheekbone’, but given the consistent semantic differences between Oceanic and non-Oceanic witnesses I favor two distinct comparisons for now.
32882 *pasu₃ give birth to, have a child 11341 POC *pasu₃ give birth to, have a child
Note: A longer version of this comparison which suggests contamination with *pa-susu ‘to nurse, suckle a child’ was proposed by Ross and Osmond (2016c:221).
32773 *pasuk enter 11213 PAN *pasuk enter
11214 Note: With root *-suk ‘insert, penetrate, enter’. PPh *suquk ‘enter’ suggests that this root may have been *-suquk rather than *-suk.
27350 3879 PMP *pasuŋ cheek bone [doublet: *pasu]
32707 *pásuq to roast, broil; scald, sear, burn 11127 PPh *pásuq to roast, broil; scald, sear, burn
11128 PPh *ma-pásuq be scorched, scalded
11129 PPh *ka-pasuq-an affected by heat (?)
11130 PPh *pasúq-en to roast; singe, cauterize
Note: Also Casiguran Dumagat pasi ‘heat’, ma-pasi ‘to burn oneself’, me-pasi ‘hot’, Hanunóo pásu ‘ritual scarification by burning, done most frequently by unmarried men’.
32534 *patániq lima bean: Phaseolus lunatus 10885 PPh *patániq lima bean: Phaseolus lunatus
27351 *pataq break, broken, cut through 3880 PMP *pataq break, broken, cut through
27374 3907 PMP *pa(n)tar₁ level, flat [disjunct: *paCaR, *pataR]
*p
Formosan Kavalan
pa will (future)
Kanakanabu
pa still
WMP Yami
pa first (before doing something else)
Itbayaten
pa particle: also, too, yet, still, more
Agta (Eastern)
pa yet, still
Casiguran Dumagat
pa particle: first, still
Kapampangan
pa still, yet
Tagalog
pa more; still; even; yet; up to now, up to a certain time; further; else
Remontado
pa still, more, yet
Bikol
pa still, yet; more, anymore; than
Romblomanon
pa someone does something first, before something else is done; someone still does something, has something; something is also done; a situation also exists
Masbatenyo
pa particle: yet, still; in addition, as well, also, too
Aklanon
pa sustaining particle with the sense of English “yet” or “still”
Waray-Waray
pa more; yet, still
Agutaynen
pa yet; still; additionally; what’s more; moreover
Hiligaynon
pa particle: still, yet
Cebuano
pa still, yet: up to now, up to a specific point in the past; else, in addition
Central Tagbanwa
pa still, yet
Binukid
pa still, yet: up to now, up to a specific point in time
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pa yet; still
Mansaka
pa modifying particle: still; yet
Tausug
pa signals the continuance of an event already occurring or of a state already existing; still, more, yet
Kadazan Dusun
po grammatical particle: yet
Kelabit
pəh so far, til now; so that, in order to
Malagasy
fa for, but, therefore, because, that
Ponosakan
pa still, more, yet (before doing something else)
Bare'e
pa still, yet
Tae'
-pa still, yet
Mandar
-pa only; later; still; not yet
Mamuju
pa still
Makassarese
-pa still, yet
WMP Toba Batak
pa- (numeral) let (the thing mentioned by you) be made into (numeral) (van der Tuuk 1971)
Old Javanese
pa-ro, pa-rwa wavering, in two minds
CMP Kambera
pa- (numeral) divide into (numeral)
OC Motu
ha-rua twice
Molima
va-lua do in pairs
Eddystone/Mandegusu
va-lua the second man in a six-man canoe (cf. *duSa 'two')
Formosan Kavalan
pa- causative prefix
Saisiyat
pa- causative prefix
Atayal
p- causative prefix
Pazeh
pa- causative prefix
Amis
pa- causative prefix
Thao
pa- causative of dynamic verbs
Rukai
pa- causative prefix
Puyuma
pa- causative prefix
Paiwan
pa- causative prefix
WMP Itbayaten
pa- causative prefix
Ibatan
pa- causative prefix
Ilokano
pa- causative prefix
Agta (Central Cagayan)
pa- causative prefix
Bontok
pa- causative prefix
Ifugaw (Batad)
pa- causative prefix
Pangasinan
pa- causative prefix
Kapampangan
pa- causative prefix
Tagalog
pa- causative prefix
Bikol
pa- causative prefix
Romblomanon
pa- causative prefix
Masbatenyo
pa- causative prefix
Aklanon
pa- causative prefix
Hiligaynon
pa- causative prefix
Palawano
pa- causative prefix
Cebuano
pa- causative prefix
Maranao
pa-ka- causative prefix
pa-ki- causative prefix
Binukid
pa- causative prefix
Mansaka
pa- causative prefix
Mapun
pa- instransitive causative motion within oneself, transition, or change of state becoming
Tboli
h- ~ he- causative prefix
Kadazan Dusun
po- ~ popo- causative prefix
Ida'an Begak
pə- dependent causative
Kenyah
pa- causative prefix
Toba Batak
pa- causative prefix
Toratán
pa- causative prefix
Banggai
a- causative prefix
Makassarese
pa- causative prefix
Wolio
pa- causative prefix
Muna
fo- causative prefix for dynamic verbs
CMP Kambera
pa- causative prefix
Tetun
ha- causative prefix (said to be a contraction of halo ‘do, make’, but his may be a historically secondary rationalization)
ha- causative prefix
SHWNG Taba
ha- causative prefix
Buli
fa- causative prefix
OC Lusi
pa- causative prefix
Zabana
va- causative
WMP Ibatan
p<in>a- causative (perfective)
Ida'an Begak
(pə)nə- -i- causative (completive)
Bintulu
p<in>a- causative (perfective)
Formosan Pazeh
paka- causative prefix
Amis
paka- causative prefix
Paiwan
paka- causative prefix
WMP Ilokano
paka- nominalizing instrumental affix for potentive maka- verbs (maka-surat ‘able to write’ : paka-surat ‘something with which one is able to write’)
Cebuano
paka- derivational verb-forming prefix; with durative active affixes, verbs with paka- mean ‘pretend to be, act like so-and-so’, and with the direct passive affixes they mean ‘consider as so-and-so’, or ‘treat like so-and-so’
Maranao
paka- causative of object voice (McKaughan 1958:27)
Yakan
paka- causative affix in transitive or antipassive clauses
Kayan
pək- causative prefix
Malagasy
faha- causative/multiplicative prefix with numeral bases
Toratán
pa-ka- ‘exhaustive’ causative of stative verbs
Makassarese
paka- prefix for adjectives or stative verbs
Muna
feka- causative prefix with stative verbs
Chamorro
faha- causative/multiplicative prefix with numeral bases
CMP Tetun
hak- causative prefix to verbs (also forms verbal nouns and adjectives)
OC Lau
faka- causative prefix, rarely found
fā- causative prefix which also makes transitive verbs from intransitive verbs, adjectives and nouns (roŋo ‘to hear’ : fā-roŋo ‘to tell’; mamagu ‘fear’ : fā-mamagu ‘loathsome’; ŋū ‘to sing’ : fā-ŋū ‘teach to sing’)
Toqabaqita
faɁa- usually derives causative verbs (mae ‘die; dead’ : faɁa-mae-a ‘administer anaesthetic to, put to sleep with anaesthetic’)
Fijian
vaka- prefix; added to verbs it usually makes causatives; added to nouns it makes adjectives or adverbs (tamata ‘man’, vaka-tamata ‘human; like a human being); added to adjectives it makes adverbs (vinaka ‘good’, vaka-vinaka ‘well’); added to nouns it may indicate possession (vale ‘house’ vaka-vale ‘having a house’); added to some intransitive verbs it makes intensives, frequentatives or continuatives
Tongan
faka- prefix denoting likeness, causation (causing or allowing to), supplying, having, etc. (mate ‘die; dead’ : faka-mate ‘causing death; deadly, poison, fatal’, taŋi ‘to cry’ : faka-taŋi ‘having a doleful sound, sounding like a lament; to appeal to someone after one’s request has been rejected by someone else’)
Niue
faka- a very common prefix, usually causative, but with other meanings
Samoan
faɁa- multifunctional prefix indicating, among other things, causation; faɁa-sāmoa ‘do things in the Samoan way’
Tuvaluan
faka- causative prefix with a range of meanings: 1. cause an action to occur or a state to result (ako ‘learn’ : faka-ako ‘teach’, moe ‘sleep’ : faka-moe ‘put to sleep’), 2. to act a role (maatua ‘mother’ : fakamaatua ‘parent’s sister’, paalaŋi ‘European’ faka-paalaŋi ‘act like a European’), cause to be like (fonu ‘turtle’ : faka-fonu ‘heap up food in the shape of a turtle’), 4. before statives to form transitive verbs (huki ‘pierce’ : ma-huki ‘pierced’, faka-ma-huki ‘pierce a nut for drinking’)
Kapingamarangi
haga- causative prefix: cause to; cause to have; provide a; allow to; teach how to; install as (made ‘to die’ : haga-made ‘to kill’, daŋi ‘to cry’ : haga-daŋi ‘to make someone cry’
Nukuoro
haga- causative prefix, cause to be, become, have, know (made ‘dead’ : haga-made ‘do as hard or fast as possible’, daŋi ‘to cry’ : haga-daŋi ‘to play a musical instrument’)
Rennellese
haka- causative prefix (meanings are usually causative or transitive, but sometimes similitude)
Anuta
paka- causative prefix (mate ‘die’ : paka-mate ‘commit suicide’, taŋi ‘to cry, to moan’ : paka-taŋi ‘to blow a conch shell or other type of whistle, horn, etc.’)
Rarotongan
aka- a causative prefix; to make to, to cause something to be done; by the addition of the prefix aka- many nouns, adjectives and neuter verbs become active verbs
Maori
whaka- causative prefix; combined with an intransitive verb, an adjective or participle to form an intransitive verb, it signifies a beginning of, or approach to, the action or condition indicated; combined with a noun to form an intransitive verb, it signifies the assumption of the character or form expressed by the noun; as a strict causative it may combine with a verb, adjective, participle, or noun to form a transitive verb
Hawaiian
hoɁo- a very active former of causative/simulative derivatives, including 1. causation and transitivization (pono ‘correct’ hoɁo-pono-pono ‘to correct’), 2. pretense (kuli ‘deaf’ : hoɁo-kuli ‘to feign deafness’), 3. simillarity (kamaliɁi- ‘children’ : hoɁo-kamaliɁi ‘childish’), 4. no meaning (kāholoholo ‘to hurry’, hoɁo-kāholoholo ‘to hurry’), 5. unpredictable (maikaɁi ‘good’ : hoɁo-maikaɁi ‘to congratulate’)
OC Kaulong
va get, take, bring
Nyelâyu
pha take
OC Amara
pei get
Tawala
wa-i carry, get, select, take
Kwaio
fee-a take, convey; take in marriage
Formosan Amis
patsek nail
Puyuma
pasek nail; hammer in a nail
mi-pasek have a nail in
WMP Itbayaten
pasek nail
i-pask-en dowel, made of tañod (mulberry) tree
Kankanaey
pasek wedge
Bikol
pások wooden peg
mag-pások put something together with such pegs
Maranao
pasek post, pillar
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pasek put a post or stick in the ground
Bintulu
pasək enter
Ngaju Dayak
pasak wooden nail, dowel; what is fastened together with dowels
Malay
pacak splitting, transfixing
Nias
fasa stake, nail; to pound in a stake or nail
Old Javanese
pacek spike, pin
Balinese
pacek peg, nail; stick into, make a hole; plant (seedlings, etc.)
Sangir
ma-masiʔ drive in a stake, implant
pa-pasiʔ stake, post (as a fencepost)
Tontemboan
pasək a pole driven firmly into the ground to which a horse can be tethered
ma-pasək to drive (a stake or pole) into the ground
Uma
pasoʔ to nail, drive in a nail
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*pasoQ peg, nail
Makassarese
am-masaʔ drive a wedge into wood in order to split it open
pam-masaʔ wedge
Wolio
paso nail, pin, spike, spur
Muna
paso nail
ka-paso wooden pen, nail or peg
pasok-i to nail something firmly
CMP Manggarai
pacek pile, stake; drive in a pile or stake
Formosan Paiwan
patsak newly born calf or deer
WMP Cebuano
patʔak (ʔ unexplained) splotch, spatter all over something
Iban
pantak having spot of different color, usually of animal's head
WMP Ilokano
páda same, equal; peer
ag-páda to be the same, equal; to match
ka-páda a peer, equal, match
p<um>áda to be unequalled; supreme; unsurpassed
pada-en to equal, match; copy or imitate
páda-padá-en to treat equally; to share alike
Isneg
páda equal, alike
saŋa-páda all alike
Ifugaw
páda what is the same, the equal in measure, quantity, number, or degree, commonly used with suffix -na
páda-na its equal
Pangasinan
pára like, the same; be the same
ka-pára one who is alike, the same
Tagalog
pára as though; as if; only; same as; like; similar; just like; such as one would expect
Malay
pada sufficiency (but no more)
Old Javanese
paḍa equal; the equal of; equally; an indication of the plural
Balinese
paḍa like, similar, all-in-all, all, together (often used with no more meaning than to indicate plurality)
Sasak
pada equal, equal to
Tae'
pada the same in size, quantity, quality, shape, etc.
pa-pada to make equal
Makassarese
para all, both (in combinations); same, equal (mostly in combinations)
WMP Ilokano
i-páda to compare; make something thesame or similar to something else
Tagalog
i-pará to compare; to liken to
WMP Ilokano
páda-páda same, equal; everyone without exception or favoritism
Pangasinan
pára-pára matching
Malay
ber-pada-pada in reasonable (but not excessive) amounts
Old Javanese
paḍa-paḍa equal; the equal of
Balinese
paḍa-paḍa as much; equally (long, high, etc.)
Sasak
pada-pada equal; even
Pendau
pada-pada each, together; same
Tae'
pada-pada approximately so; the same, all without distinction
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
paraŋ meadow, open field, usually covered with cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica)
Tagalog
páraŋ meadow, prairie; a large piece of level or rolling land with grass but not trees; field; uncultivated land
Hanunóo
pádaŋ a short, small-leaved cogon grass (Imperata sp.)
Tausug
paraŋ grass
ka-paraŋ-an ground covered with grass, pastureland
Kadazan Dusun
padaŋ field, playing ground, meadow
Ida'an Begak
padaŋ coarse grass
Kelabit
padaŋ field
Ngaju Dayak
padaŋ a large treeless plain overgrown with sword grass (Imperata cylindrica)
Iban
padaŋ large space covered with one kind of vegetation; freshwater swamp, usually flooded and supporting few plants; field, meadow, green, sports-ground
Acehnese
padaŋ field, plain
Simalur
padaŋ grassland, meadow
Karo Batak
padaŋ kind of grass: Pogonatherum panicum Hack.
Toba Batak
padaŋ grass; grassland, plain
Javanese
paḍaŋ to lay open (of ground)
Balinese
padaŋ grass, plant, herb
padaŋ sila the name of a rock-field (sila = ‘stone’)
Mongondow
padaŋ cane grass: Imperata cylindricaImperata arundinacea
Bare'e
pada plain, field; also used for the plants that grow there
Ampana
pada high grass, cane grass
Tae'
padaŋ earth, ground; field; kind of grass with sharp, needle-like leaves; when young it creeps along the ground with long tendrils
Mandar
padaŋ vegetation that resembles the stem of the rice plants, sword grass, very hard to eradicate except by digging up the roots; sword grass: Imperata cylindrica
padaŋ species of tall grass: Imperata cylindrica
Makassarese
paraŋ field, treeless plain
Wolio
pada tall grass-like weed, Imperata sp.; citronella grass: Andropogon nardus
WMP Pangasinan
páraw traditional type of sailboat
Tagalog
paráw large passenger and cargo sailboat
Aklanon
paráw sailboat
Agutaynen
paraw a boat similar to a lansa (cargo boat), but with outriggers, used for fishing (it pulls smaller outriggers out to deeper water where they can fish); the entire entourage is called a paraw
Cebuano
paráw schooner, galleon
Maranao
padaw sailboat
Kadazan Dusun
padau boat, canoe, rowing boat, sailing boat
Tarakan
padau boat
Murut (Tagol)
paraw boat, canoe
Bintulu
paɗaw sailing
Malay
layar padau storm sail
WMP Palawan Batak
padɨk husk of rice
Aborlan Tagbanwa
padɨk husk of rice
Lun Dayeh
padek husk of rice grain after separation by pounding (cf. lipaŋ 'husk of rice grain before separation by pounding')
Kiput
padək fragment of broken rice grain
WMP Ilongot
pandɨk star
Miri
fatak star
Mongondow
pandok spot, speck, fleck
WMP Mapun
pawom to be shut off (as a light); to go out (as a fire); to be erased
Yakan
palem for something to go out, be extinguished (fire or light), turned off, shut off (water, electricity, engine), dried up (stream, well)
mag-palem to put out, extinguish (a fire or light); turn or shut off (water, engine)
pandem for something to go out, be extinguished (fire or light), turned off, shut off (water, electricity, engine), dried up (stream, well)
Kayan
parem extinguished; fire or light gone out
Malay
padam extinguished, put out, of any flame
Rejang
padeum extinguished, put out (a light or fire)
Formosan Amis
padeŋ to put out, literally to extinguish a fire; to turn off
WMP Aklanon
páeoŋ to put out (fire), turn off (light); to die out (fire), to go out (light)
Hiligaynon
páluŋ to put out, to extinguish, to blow out
Maranao
padeŋ put out, as a fire, turn off a light
Muna
peo extinguished, out (light or fire)
foko-peon-i to extinguish, put out
WMP Tagalog
pandát crammed, packed, squeezed in
Kayan
padet closed up, blocked up, as of a hole; dammed up, of a stream
Iban
padat close up, crowd together, cram, pack tight
Malay
padat crushed into the least possible space; well-packed; compact
padak-kan to stuff into or press down
Old Javanese
paḍet compact, compressed, having become a solid mass
WMP Ilokano
mai-padpád to land, reach the shore after having been gone awhile; set foot on; drift; reach a destination
Casiguran Dumagat
pádpad for a boat to be driven by a storm
Pangasinan
pádpar run aground because of adverse wind or current; shipwreck
Sambal (Botolan)
padpád to be carried by the wind (as leaves, paper, feathers), to be carried by current of water (used of people, limbs, rubbish, etc.)
Tagalog
i-padpád to be driven by current or wind
ná-padpád carried by the tide (said of persons or things from a shipwreck); cast adrift
k<in>á-padpar-án place where the tide carried shipwrecked persons or things
Bikol
i-padpád to be driven by the wind (a boat); to be blown away by the wind
mag-padpád to drag anchor (a boat driven by the wind)
maka-padpád to blow a boat, causing it to drag anchor (the wind); to be blown away by the wind
Cebuano
padpád for wind or water to carry something in the current; bring someone somewhere; remove something from whatever it was mixed with or stuck to
WMP Maranao
pandoŋ temporary building; stage, raised flooring
Kayan
paruŋ attic space above inner room; upper storey
Iban
padoŋ raised sleeping platform or bunk near or in outer wall of house; (formerly) sleeping place for girls
Minangkabau
pandoŋ hut in rice fields
Formosan Kavalan
pann bait (for fishing, or in a trap)
Paiwan
pan bait (for fishhook or trap)
pu-pan to bait a hook or trap
WMP Itbayaten
aʔpan bait
Ilokano
appán bait
Agta (Dupaningan)
appán bait for fishing
Isneg
appān bait
i-pān to ensnare
appān bait
i-pān to ensnare
Bontok
pá-pan bait, as used in fishing or trapping birds
Kankanaey
pá-pan bait
Ifugaw
pá-pan bait, to lure birds to the place where they can be ensnared, or eels into a cage trap called udál, or rats into a kind of deadfall called ipít
Sambal (Botolan)
páʔen bait
Tagalog
páʔin bait for catching fish, rats, etc.
mag-páʔin to bait, to set a bait for; to lure or attract with bait
Bikol
páʔon bait; decoy or lure
mag-páʔon to bait or set a trap; to place bait on a hook; to decoy or lure
Hanunóo
páʔun bait
Romblomanon
paʔun bait used for catching fish, mollusks, octopuses
Masbatenyo
paón bait, lure, enticement; something used to entice the victim in fishing or trapping
Aklanon
paón bait (for fishing); to put on bait
Waray-Waray
paón bait
Hiligaynon
paʔún bait, decoy
Cebuano
paʔún bait; to bait something; to make or use as bait; use someone else as a means to deflect danger from oneself
Maranao
paʔan bait
Binukid
paen bait
Klata
paʔa bait
Kayan
pan a bait left on river bottom to attract fish for subsequent netting
Karo Batak
empan bait
Toba Batak
ompan bait for fishhook
maŋ-ompan-i to entice with bait, lure
Sundanese
ɨ-pan bait (both literal and figurative)
Balinese
empan bait; to bait, feed
empan-in be fed, be baited
Mongondow
paan bait
Gorontalo
paalo bait
Uma
apa bait
Bare'e
opa bait (for hook, trap, etc.)
Tae'
aʔpan to lure, entice
Palauan
uáol bait
o-máol to attract, lure with bait (< *pa-maen)
CMP Manggarai
épaŋ bait
Fordata
faan fish bait
Kei
fān bait
en-fān to feed; to bait a hook
WMP Ilokano
y-appán to use as bait
Masbatenyo
i-paʔón use something for bait; to sacrifice (oneself)
WMP Ilokano
appan-an to set bait
Tagalog
páʔin-an to bait, to set a bait for; to lure or attract with bait
Bikol
paʔon-an to bait or set a trap; to place bait on a hook; to decoy or lure
WMP Ilokano
paŋgál a stick or bamboo transversely tied to the head or neck of an animal, or a collar consisting of a kind of triangle made of three pieces of wood or bamboo, to keep the wearer from passing through bamboo fences
CMP Manggarai
pagal hobble; heavy block hung from buffalo's neck to impede his movements
WMP Pangasinan
pagás hoarse; to speak hoarsely
Tausug
pagas voiceless (as from a cold); hoarse
mag-ka-pagas to develop a hoarse voice
WMP Gaddang
na-pákel tired (McFarland 1977)
Kapampangan
pagal, ma-pagal tired
Tagalog
pagál fatigue; assumed work or trouble or hardship for s.o. else
Bikol
pagál exhausted, fatigued, jaded, tired, worn out
ma-pagal get tired
Sasak
paŋgel tired; bored
WMP Karo Batak
paguh firm, steady, solid, of a post; strong, big, robust, of men, trees, and houses
Sundanese
pageuh firm, steady, fast; stand, sit or hold fast; believe firmly in, inwardly convinced
Old Javanese
pageh firmness, stability, constancy, stabilization, repair
Balinese
pageh strong, firm, steady, reliable, sure, unchanging, faithful
WMP Ilokano
pagʔóŋ tortoise, a land and fresh-water turtle
Isneg
pagʔóŋ kind of turtle with long neck and a more or less elongated body
Bontok
pagʔúŋ turtle
Tagalog
pagóŋ turtle
Bikol
pagóŋ turtle
WMP Ilokano
pagér palisade
Berawan (Batu Belah)
pagin fence
Miri
fagér fence
Kiput
pakin fence
Ngaju Dayak
pagar, pager fence, hedge
Iban
pagar fence, railing
pagar ruyon stockaded fort
Jarai
pega fence, palisade
Malay
pagar fence; palisade, e.g. of bamboo (pagar buloh), or wattle (pagar sasak) or palm-trunk (pagar ruyon)
Acehnese
pageuë fence, hedge
Sundanese
pager fence (of bamboo, stone, etc.); hedge
Old Javanese
pager hedge, fence, enclosure
Javanese
pager fence, outside wall
Balinese (High)
pager fence, wall, hadge, fortification
Balinese (Low)
pageh be fenced
pageh-an a hedge, fence, wall, fortification
Sasak
pager wall of wicker-work, fence, enclosure
Proto-Minahasan
*pagər fence, enclosure
Tae'
pagaʔ bamboo fence built, for example, around the base of a tree in order to heap up fertilizer around it
Buginese
pageʔ fence, wall (as a stone wall around a planted field)
Makassarese
pagaraʔ fence
CMP Rotinese
paʔa to fence, a fence
Yamdena
fakar fencing-in, as a planted tree; fencing with stakes for the defense of the village
Buruese
pager fence
WMP Iban
pagi morning, early morning
Proto-Chamic
*pagi tomorrow
Malay
pagi morning; early
Acehnese
pagi Day of Judgement
Karo Batak
pagi future, future time
pa-pagi, pe-pagi morning
er-pagi-pagi in the morning
si pagi-na the future
Toba Batak
pagi-an later
pagi-pagi-an future, in the course of one's life
Lampung
pagi morning
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
págpag to brush dust or trash off cloth or a mat; to dust off by shaking
Sambal (Botolan)
pagpag-én to shake dust off clothes, papers, etc.; this can be done by tapping against a hard surface
Cebuano
pagpág agitate to remove dust, shake the dust off things
WMP Ibaloy
i-pagpag to brush something off with hard blows (as dust from a coat)
Bikol
i-pagpág shake out, as rug
WMP Ibaloy
i-pagpag to hit, slap, strike something hard against something else (as one’s hand against a wall)
Lun Dayeh
fafag a clap, a slap
Kelabit
pəpag a slap
məpag to slap
pə-məpag thing used for slapping
WMP Iban
pagu shelf, esp. over hearth
Malay
pagu ceiling; ceiling-loft, attic
Acehnese
pagu attic, loft, ceiling
Minangkabau
pagu the upper and more solid shelf over the kitchen fire (the lower light rack being salaian)
Gorontalo
pahu space between attic and roof
WMP Aklanon
págot grind one's teeth
Hiligaynon
págut rave, be furious, gnash the teeth while asleep
Malay
pagut peck (of birds), bite (of snakes), nibble (of fish). Not used of the bite of a mammal
Toba Batak
pagut, pargut beak of a bird, mouth of a snake; peck up (birds), bite (snakes)
Formosan Amis
pahko type of fern that is edible
WMP Ilokano
pakó an edible fern: Athurium Esculentum (sic!)
pak-pakó ferns resembling the pakó
Agta (Eastern)
pakó fern
Isneg
pakó Athyrium esculentum (Retz.) Copel: an edible fern; eating it cures influenza
Itawis
pakú fern
Ifugaw (Batad)
pa-paʔu an edible fern: Athyrium esculentum
Casiguran Dumagat
pakó an edible wild fern, sometimes called “wild asparagus”: Athyrium esculentum
Pangasinan
pakó edible fern
Aklanon
pakú(h) a fern: Athyrium esculentum
Cebuano
pakú kind of fern, the young leaves of which are eaten as a salad: Athyrium esculentum
Maranao
pako a fern: Athyrium esculentum (Retz.) Copel
Binukid
pako kind of fern (the young fronds of which are edible)
Mansaka
pako kind of edible fern that grows by rivers
Tiruray
fagew an edible fern: Athyrium esculentum Copel
Tombonuwo
paku edible fern
Kelabit
paʔuh fern that grows by the riverbank
Berawan (Long Terawan)
pakkoh fern
Kenyah
paku fern
Murik
pakuʔ fern
Kayan
pakoʔ ferns (many kinds)
Kayan (Busang)
pakoʔ fern, the young tips of which are eaten as a vegetable
Salako
pakuʔ fern
Singhi Land Dayak
pokux ferns (edible)
Malay
paku fern; generic for Filices (many types)
Acehnese
paku fern
Simalur
paku fern
paku gajah ordinary tree fern (lit. ‘elephant fern’)
Karo Batak
paku edible fern
Toba Batak
pahu large fern
Sundanese
paku fern
Old Javanese
paku fern
Balinese
paku fern, bracken
Sasak
paku fern (various types)
Proto-Sangiric
*paku edible fern
Proto-Minahasan
*paku type of edible fern
Tontemboan
paku fern
Bare'e
paku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable
Tae'
paku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*paku ferns
Makassarese
paku fern, of which certain types are eaten as vegetables
Wolio
paku fern
CMP Bimanese
faku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable
Manggarai
paku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable: Athyrium esculentum
Ngadha
paku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable
Kambera
rí paku fern
WMP Tagalog
páhid wiping off; a light wiping; smearing on, anointing
i-páhid to spread; to put on in a thin layer
pa-máhid ointment; medicine used on the skin to heal or to make soft and white
pahír-an to coat; to cover something with a layer
pahír-in to rub off; to remove by rubbing; to brush; to wipe away
Palawan Batak
páʔid to wipe
Cebuano
páhid rub on, apply by wiping; wipe
pahír-an doormat; rags to wipe the hands
Kelabit
paʔid duster, mop, anything used to wipe; accidental wiping
maʔid to wipe
Formosan Atayal (Mayrinax)
pahpah flower
Sakizaya
papah leaf
WMP Ilokano
páo variety of small mango
Isneg
apáw ~ paw-páw kind of wild mango
Kankanaey
paó mango, mango tree
Pangasinan
paó Indian mango (rounded and somewhat smaller than native varieties)
Tagalog
páhoʔ a small, sour species of mango
Bikol
páhoʔ tree in the mango family producing a small, sour fruit which may be salted
Aklanon
páhoʔ small mango: Mangifera altissima Blanco
Cebuano
páhuʔ kind of small, fibrous mango: Mangifera altissima
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pahuʔ a tree reaching 35 meters in height: Mangifera altissima; it bears small mangos, and is not cultivated
Murut (Timugon)
pauʔ horse mango: Mangifera foetida
Iban
pauh a tree bearing inedible mango-like fruit: Parkia speciosa Hassk.
Malay
pauh a tree name: Mangifera spp.
Old Javanese
poh the mango (tree and fruit), Mangifera
Sasak
paoʔ mango: Mangifera indica
Bare'e
pao kind of small mango found on the coast
Tae'
pao mango
Makassarese
pao mango
Muna
foo mango
CMP Komodo
pau mango: Mangifera indica
Manggarai
pau mango: Mangifera indica
Rembong
pauʔ mango: Mangifera indica
Kambera
pau mango: Mangifera indica
Manipa
au mango
WMP Ilokano
páo kind of large marine fish
Malay
pari pauh hornless devilfish: Dicerobatis spp.
WMP Wolio
pai where?
OC Nggela
vei where, which, usually i vei
Kwaio
fai where
i fai where?
Lau
i-fai (= 'at where?') 'where?'
Arosi
hai where, what place, which?
Fijian
vei interrogative noun, asking place where?
OC Label
hai to plait (as basket)
Vitu
vai-a to weave
Kove
wai make a basket, plait a door
Gitua
va-vai to weave (a basket)
Numbami
wa-wai to weave (mats, baskets)
Misima
vei to plait
Paamese
hai to weave, make a fence
Formosan Kavalan
paiz a fan
p<m>aiz to fan
Paiwan
si-paiz-an a fan
ki-paiz to fan oneself, to have oneself fanned
p<n>aiz to fan something
WMP Itbayaten
payid idea of fanning
pa-payid a fan
Ilokano
paíd a fan (usually made of woven bamboo)
ag-paíd to fan oneself
i-paíd to fan with
paid-an to fan someone
Agta (Dupaningan)
ped-ped a fan
i-ped-ped to fan
Itawis
pé-ped a fan
map-pé-ped to fan
OC Lavongai
pasal to walk
Tigak
pasal to go, walk; come to
Manam
alale <A to walk
Takia
-padal go astray, disappear
Marshallese
yetal to go
Pulo Annian
θatare to walk around
Formosan Basai
panay riceplant, rice in the field
Kavalan
panay rice plant in a dry field (unhusked); said to be a loan from Amis
Saisiyat
pazay rice plant
Atayal
pagay unhulled rice, rice in the husk
Seediq
payay rice plant
Pazeh
pazay glutinous rice
Amis
panay rice; the harvested grain
Thao
pazay rice with husk adhering; rice in the field; riceplant
Bunun
paað rice plant, rice in the field
Hoanya
padza rice plant
Tsou
pai rice plant, unhusked rice
Kanakanabu
paláy glutinous rice
Rukai (Budai)
pagay rice plant, unhusked rice
Paiwan
paday rice (plant, grain): Oryza sativa
WMP Itbayaten
paray unhusked rice; husked rice; rice plant
Ilokano
págay rice (unhusked), Oryza sativa
i-pagay-an hire a worker for rice wages
pagay-an place where rice is grown; to plant with rice
Bontok
págəy unthreshed rice; the rice plant, Oryza sativa L.
Kankanaey
págey rice on the stalk, unhusked rice
Ifugaw
páge rice growing in the fields, or bundles of rice ears
Ibaloy
pagey rice --- esp. of rice standing in the field, but also of harvested rice that is still on the stalk unthreshed, and of unhusked rice off the stalk
man-pagey to realize a certain yield from a field
Pangasinan
pagéy rice plant; unhusked rice
Ayta Maganchi
pali rice
Kapampangan
pále rice (growing in the field)
palay-an rice field
Tagalog
pálay rice plant
palay-an rice paddy, rice field
Hanunóo
páray palay, or unhusked rice (Oryza sativa Linn.), especially that standing in the fields, still unharvested
Aklanon
páeay rice (growing in the fields), Oryza sativa; rice seeds (freshly harvested, unmilled)
Hiligaynon
pálay rice plant
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
parey the rice plant, Oryza sativa, and the grain before it is milled or pounded
Tiruray
farey a general term for rice, Oryza sativa Linn.
Mapun
pawoy unhusked rice
Yakan
paley rice (unhusked), Oryza sativa
Tboli
halay Oryza sativa. Rice, unhusked, a staple food of the Philippines
Kadazan Dusun
paai paddy
Minokok
paray rice in the field
Ida'an Begak
paray paddy
Supan
paray riceplant, rice in the field
Lun Dayeh
fadey rice, paddy
Lun Dayeh (Long Semado)
pade rice in the field
Kelabit
pade rice plant, rice in the field
Dali'
paday riceplant, rice in the field
Kenyah
paday paddy, rice in the field
Kayan
pare rice plant, rice in the field
Kiput
padəy rice plant, rice in the field
Melanau (Mukah)
paday rice plant, rice in the field
Bukat
parey riceplant, rice in the field
Kejaman
paray riceplant, rice in the field
Iban
padi rice, Oryza spp. as plants or grain in husk, paddy
Salako
padi riceplant
Jarai
pəday rice plant, rice in the field
Rhade
mədie rice plant, rice in the field
Moken
pai paddy
Malay
padi rice as a plant, in the ear, and as an unhusked grain
Karo Batak
page rice plant, rice in the field, unhusked rice
Nias
faxe rice (in general as a plant, and in its cooked state)
Sundanese
pare rice in general, but particularly rice in the field and in the husk
Old Javanese
pari rice (in the field or still in the straw), paddy
Javanese
pari rice plant (growing, or harvested, but still unhulled)
Balinese
padi rice, corn, grain; a grain (weight); rice in the husk
Sasak
pade ~ pare rice in the field, unhusked rice
Mongondow
payoy unhusked rice, rice plant
Bare'e
pae rice in the field, unhusked rice
Tae'
pare rice in the field
Mori Atas
pae riceplant, rice in the field
Mandar
pare rice in the field
Makassarese
pare rice in the field
Muna
pae rice (on the stalk)
Chamorro
faʔi type of plant - Oryza sativa. rice --- when growing
CMP Bimanese
fare rice plant, rice in the field
Li'o
pare riceplant, rice in the field
Kambera
pari rice plant
Rotinese
hade rice plant, unhusked rice grain
Atoni
ane riceplant, rice in the field
Tetun
hare rice (plant and unhusked grain)
Yamdena
fase rice
Teluti
fala rice
Nuaulu
ana rice
Kamarian
hala rice (in general)
Saparua
halal rice
Manipa
lae rice
Boano₂
ala rice
Batu Merah
allay rice
Amblau
fala rice
Buruese
pala rice (in general)
Tifu
pala rice
Kayeli
hala rice (in general)
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
fasa cooked rice, husked rice
Misool (Coast)
fās rice
Mayá
ꞌfa¹²s rice
Irarutu
fas rice
Dusner
pas rice (in general)
Wandamen
fas rice (in general)
Ron
fas rice
Numfor
fas rice (in general)
fas rice
Serui-Laut
fa rice (in general)
Formosan Amis
ka-panay-an the time of harvest
WMP Ilokano
ka-pagay-an rice field (Formosan only)
Formosan Atayal
paris enemy
Seediq
pais enemy, adversary
Favorlang/Babuza
mazjies enmity
Thao
pazish enemy; one of the names for the Atayal and Seediq
Bunun
pais enemy
OC Arosi
hasu-hasu-(na) eyebrow
Gilbertese
ari eyebrow
Marshallese
āt eyebrow
Mokilese
pad eyebrow
Puluwat
faat eyebrow
Sonsorol-Tobi
fäti eyebrow
Wayan
vacu eyebrow
Fijian
vacu eyebrow
WMP Itbayaten
pak crash, bang, sound word for the sound of striking
Bikol
pak the sound of a smack, splat, whack
Cebuano
pak word used in writing to represent the sound of a slap, or explosion of firecrackers
Malay
pak (onom.) thwack; whack; smack
Toba Batak
pak the sound of beating or slapping
Mentawai
pak to hit, beat
Old Javanese
pak onomatopoetic particle, blow
CMP Manggarai
pak to box on the ear, smack
Rembong
pak slap, pat
WMP Cebuano
pákal stuff a hole (as by putting rocks into a rat-hole)
Iban
pakal caulking material
makal to caulk (a boat)
Malay
pakal caulking, rendering watertight
sabut p<əm>akal oakum
WMP Bontok
pakán woof; the crosswise threats of woven material
Ibaloy
pakan fill material
pekan-an to fill in the space between two sides (as in piling rocks and earth into the space between two sides of a wide stone wall, backfilling a wall)
Maranao
pakan woof
Malagasy
fáhan-ténuna the weft in weaving
Malay
pakan woof; weaving
Karo Batak
pakan the weft thread in weaving (as against the sawen)
Sundanese
pakan the weft threads in weaving
sa-pakan a weft thread
makan-an drive weft threads through the warp
Old Javanese
halaŋ pakan a particular kind of cloth (?)
Balinese
pakan the warp (in weaving)
Sasak
pakan the weft in weaving
Makassarese
pakaŋ cross threads in weaving
pakaŋŋ-i weave a weft thread through the warp
CMP Manggarai
pahaŋ cross threads in weaving
WMP Isneg
pákaw the two handles of a scoop net
Bontok
pákəw handle; any rigid protuberance which can be used for a handle, as a stem of a squash or the stalks of a bundle of rice
Casiguran Dumagat
pákaw handle (of a pail, pot, bucket); to put a wire handle onto a tin can
Tagalog
pákaw nose ring (for cattle); clasp for earrings
Hanunóo
pákaw handle, as of a frying pan or other utensil
Cebuano
pákaw handle stuck into a frying pan with a rounded bottom; buoy or float made of a long bamboo node one and a half to two feet in length, used principally as a marker for fishing equipment
Maranao
pakaw handle
Ida'an Begak
pakkow handle of a cup
WMP Ilokano
pakáw bow-legged; term used for Japanese soldiers during occupation
Cebuano
pakáw bow-legged, pigeon-toed; have an inarticulated elbow, such that one cannot straighten his arm
Formosan Kavalan
p<m>aqpaq to flap wings
Amis
pakpak to clap hands, to hit with the hand
Thao
pakpak clap
k<m>ay pa-pakpak clap the hands; flap the wings
Puyuma
pakpak wing; flap wings
mi-pakpak to have wings
pa-pakpak to make wings flap (as when frightening a chicken)
WMP Itbayaten
ma-makpak to clap hands
pakpaken to strike with open palm, slap
p<al>akpak a bamboo toy for making a clapping sound
Ilokano
pakpák bamboo rattle
pakpak-en slap with the open hand; spank; clap; hammer
Bontok
pakpák beat with a short stick using a rhythmic motion, as in beating chickens to death, or the beating of shields during omen hunting trips
Kankanaey
pakpák-en to slap in the face, to box the ears of
Casiguran Dumagat
pakpák wing (of birds, airplanes, angels, etc.)
Ibaloy
pakpák-en to hit something with a resulting thump, thud (as head by police baton, volleyball on palm)
Pangasinan
pakpák to beat cotton or cloth with a rod
p<al>akpák applause
Kapampangan
pakpak wings
pa-pakpak clap the hands, flap the wings
pa-pakpak-an clap for someone
Tagalog
pakpák wing
p<al>akpák applause
Bikol
pakpák wing (as of a bird)
mag-pakpák to place wings on
Buhid
fakfák wing
Hanunóo
pakpák wing
p<al>akpák flapping of wings
Masbatenyo
pákpak wing
i-pakpák to clap, applaud; be beaten, be thrashed
pag-pakpák clapping, applause
Aklanon
pákpak wing; to spank, slap (children)
p<ae>ákpak to clap for, applaud
Waray-Waray
pakpák wooden club or mallet for pounding laundry
Hiligaynon
pákpak feather, wing
mag-pákpak to beat off, as to brush off dust or ants from a dress
p<al>ákpak clapping of the hands
Cebuano
pakpák applause
p<al>akpák applause
Maranao
papak wing; break, chip off
papak-an flying fish
Binukid
pakpak wing (of a fowl)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pakpak wing; wing feather; clap the hands
Mansaka
pakpak clap the hands
Tiruray
fafak a wing
fafak-an a large saltwater fish
Mapun
pakpak for a rooster to flap its wings before crowing
Ida'an Begak
pakpak drop something small
Ngaju Dayak
papak a slap
Malay
papak clapper for frightening birds
Sasak
pakpak bamboo clatterer put in the fields to frighten birds
OC Tikopia
papaki to slap
WMP Ngaju Dayak
ma-makpak to slap
Toba Batak
ma-makpak to beat, pound; address with crude language
WMP Ilokano
palakpák springless cart; the sound of a cart without springs
Bontok
palakpák clap one's hands, applaud
Casiguran Dumagat
palákpak clap the hands
Pangasinan
palakpák applause
Tagalog
palakpák applause, sound of applause
Hanunóo
palákpak flapping of wings
Cebuano
palakpák applause; clap
WMP Cebuano
pakpák husk, bark of trees; to peel off, shell
Tae'
paʔpak bark of tree, strip off bark
paʔpakk-i remove the bark of a tree
WMP Cebuano
pakul name given to good-sized triggerfishes with a relatively large mouth
OC Tolai
pakul species of fish
OC Lou
pwok kind of broad-leaved pandanus of no practical use
Kara (East)
paum Pandanius dubius
Tolai
vaum Pandanius dubius
Manam
aku pandanus with big leaves used to make grass skirt
Takia
wak pandanus
Kwaio
faʔu pandanus (generic); pandanus umbrella
Namakir
na-vak Pandanius dubius
Nakanamanga
na-vaku pandanus sp.
Efate (South)
n-vak Pandanius dubius
WMP Hanunóo
pákut cord, string, used to sling a bush knife from the waist
Aklanon
pakót button
Cebuano
pákut to bind something tightly; bond
Maranao
pakot sword band
OC Tolai
pakut to make a bundle
OC Gedaged
fala ceiling, the covering of a room; sometimes only part of the room has a ceiling, and this serves as a platform
Lau
fala a fishing stage, or platform for drying nuts
WMP Ilokano
pala-pála scaffold, scaffolding. For supporting workmen, etc.; a framework for ornamental arches, etc.
Tagalog
pala-pála gangplank
Bikol
pála-pála framework; scaffolding; trellis, lattice
Bare'e
pala-pala bench for resting or sleeping
WMP Pangasinan
pála-pála temporary shed prepared for a special occasion, esp. a wedding reception
Cebuano
pala-pala temporary shed without walls, with a flat roof
WMP Ilokano
pálad line in the palm of the hand, the fingers, the sole of the foot
Isneg
pálād lines, marks, etc. in the palm of the hand; fate, luck, chance, good luck
Itawis
pálad palm of hand
Bontok
pálad palm of the hand
Ifugaw
pálad palm of a human hand (scrutinized for signs of one's fortune)
Casiguran Dumagat
palád palm of the hand, sole of the foot
ma-palad lucky, fortunate
Umiray Dumaget
palad palm of the hand
Pangasinan
pálar lines on palm of hand; luck, fortune; be affected by fortune
Kapampangan
pálad palm (of hand)
ka-palar-an destiny, fate
Tagalog
pálad palm of the hand; fate, fortune, luck
Bikol
palad palm of the hand
ma-palad lucky, fortunate
Hanunóo
ka-palad-un luck, fortune, fate, destiny
Inati
palad hand
Cebuano
pálad palm of the hand; one's fate
Maranao
palad palm of the hand, sole of the foot
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
palad palm of the hand; shake hands
Tboli
holol palm of the hand
Blaan (Koronadal)
falɨl palm of the hand
Kadazan Dusun
pahad palm, handpalm
Murut (Paluan)
palar palm of the hand
Abai Sembuak
palad palm of hand
Kelabit
palad, *p-en-alad palm of the hand, sole of the foot
Kayan
palan lines on palms of hands; segments in a fruit
Wahau
maʔ-plæl palm of the hand
Gaai
plal palm of the hand
Kelai
mi-plæl palm of the hand
Mei Lan Modang
pəleə̯n palm of the hand
Woq Helaq Modang
pəleə̯n palm of the hand
Long Gelat Modang
pəliə̯n palm of the hand
Malagasy
fala- palm of hand, sole of foot
Acehnese
paleuët palm of the hand
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
palaŋ palm of the hand
Toba Batak
palak palm of the hand, sole of the foot
Gorontalo
paladu palm of the hand, sole of the foot
Bare'e
pale hand, forepaw, arm
Tae'
palaʔ palm of the hand, sole of the foot
Mandar
paleʔ palm of the hand
CMP Ngadha
pala palm of the hand, sole of the foot
OC Motu
pala-pala palm of hand, sole of foot
WMP Isneg
pálād fate, luck, chance; good luck
Pangasinan
pálar luck, fortune
Cebuano
pálad one's fate
palár-an fortunate
Old Javanese
palar in the hope that, in view of, in order to, expecting, perhaps
OC Penchal
pacal <M rabbitfish
Lau
falata rabbitfish: Siganus sp.
Arosi
harata kind of fish
Pohnpeian
pala-pal gold-spotted spinefoot: Siganus punctatus
WMP Ifugaw
pálak cry loudly out of anger, making a sobbing sound (applied to children)
Minangkabau
palak feel hot; palak hati dan I am annoyed
CMP Manggarai
palak angry; scold, reprove
Rotinese
pala speak in irritation or anger, snarl at
OC Tanga
palal bald; baldness; a bald-headed man
Manam
palala bald head
Bugotu
palala to be bald
Puluwat
pal to be bald
WMP Tagalog
palantík-an eaves
Cebuano
palátik outrigger boom to which the float (katig) is attached
Malay
pelanték spring-set trap
WMP Kelabit
palaŋ a cross
Ngaju Dayak
ta-palaŋ crosspiece, as on a mast
Iban
palaŋ crosspiece
Malay
palaŋ cross-bar or crosspiece of any sort
Acehnese
palaŋ anything used as a barrier: crossbeam, bolt, etc.
Javanese
palaŋ obstacle; object placed crosswise to something
Balinese
palaŋ, pa-palaŋ cross-beam
Sasak
palaŋ lie across the path; born feet first
Makassarese
palaŋ lowest crosspiece of a ladder on the ground
palaŋ-palaŋ wooden support on the weather side of the mast on which the sail is laid when struck in bad weather
OC Mota
palaŋ set one thing obliquely across another; to wattle sticks
WMP Maranao
palaŋ spotted, dappled
Bisaya (Limbang)
palaŋ having patches of black and white (of dogs or cats)
WMP Maranao
palapaʔ spices, flavor
Tiruray
falaʔfa <M general term for spice or condiments; to add all the necessary spices and condiments to a dish
Old Javanese
palapah condiments, flavorings
Javanese
plapah spices, condiments
WMP Malagasy
fala vulva (Prov.)
Maloh
palaʔ vagina
WMP Isneg
palápaʔ leaf of the coco palm; petiole of the taro
Casiguran Dumagat
palápa upper part of a palm tree (where the leaves are); palm leaf
Pangasinan
palápa midrib of coconut leaf
Kapampangan
palápaʔ fiber stripped from banana stalk
Tagalog
palápaʔ pulpy leaf of plants like the banana
Bikol
palaʔpáʔ the full branch of the coconut or other palm trees; frond; the full leaf of the banana plant
Maranao
palapaʔ-an rib, midrib of a leaf
Ngaju Dayak
palapah palm frond, banana leaf, taro leaf
Malagasy
falafa midrib of the banana leaf, taro leaf
Sundanese
palapah palm frond
Sasak
pelapaʔ leaf nerve (of palm and banana leaves); leafstalk (of papayas)
Proto-Minahasan
*palaʔpaʔ palm branch
Tae'
palapa midrib of palm leaves
Makassarese
palapa midrib of palm fronds and banana leaves; leafstalk of papayas and some other trees
OC Rotuman
parafa mid-rib of coconut leaf
WMP Cebuano
palata fish found around rocks in shallow waters; not particularly good eating
Maranao
palata white fish about 2" long: Puntius palata Herre
Malay
ikan pelata a mackerel: Scomber microlepidotus
OC Marovo
palata dolphinfish: Coryphaena hippurus
WMP Kenyah
palau small fish
Kayan
palau small pinkish fish with small scales; found in small streams
Iban
palau kind of river fish
Rejang
paleuw a river fish
WMP Bikol
palawan a tree: Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.)
Malay
pəlawan a lofty tree with greyish bark which yields a durable timber used in house-building, generic for Tristania spp.
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
palTuk to explode
WMP Kapampangan
paltuk conk someone on the head, raise a lump
Bikol
paltok toy gun made from a bamboo branch and using wet paper or leaves as ammunition; pound, beat, or strike someone, particularly on the head
Malay
peletok-an small pea-shooter
Gorontalo
peletuʔa sound of finger joints cracking
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
paltík poles running out from a boat onto which outriggers are tied
Pangasinan
paltík (usually homemade) gun
Tagalog
paltík homemade gun
Bikol
paltík supports for an outrigger; homemade gun
Hanunóo
paltík swift, jerky blow
Aklanon
paltik homemade gun--for only one bullet
Cebuano
paltik homemade firearms
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
peletik of an object which is flicked or knocked, to tumble over and over as it flies away
Malay
pelantek (Met. of *a and *e) spring-spear, spring-gun
WMP Ilokano
ag-pallatík swing, sway
Pangasinan
paltík (usually homemade) gun
Tagalog
paltík homemade gun
Bikol
paltík homemade gun
Hanunóo
paltík swift, jerky blow
Aklanon
páltik homemade gun -- for only one bullet
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
peletik of an object which is flicked or knocked, to tumble over and over as it flies away
Malay
pelanték (with metathesis of *a and *e) spring-spear, spring-gun
CMP Rembong
pali side (as of the head)
Ngadha
pali both sides, reciprocal, mutual
OC Kwaio
bali part, side
Lau
bali part, side, portion, half; each side in a game; two-edged, two-sided
Woleaian
paliy side, flank
Tahitian
pari side
OC Patpatar
haliara a vine: Merremia peltata
Tolai
valearu a vine: Merremia peltata
Lakalai
valiala a vine: Ipomoea sp.
Wayan
veliawa a vine: Merremia peltata
WMP Ilokano
pálig be carried off, swept away by the wind
Bikol
pálid be blown away or carried away by the wind
Aklanon
palid get blown away by the wind
pa-palid to winnow, separate the grain from the chaff in the wind
Cebuano
palid for the wind to blow something away; be blown off course; winnow, throw grains in the air
Maranao
palid separate chaff from grain, blown away
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
palid blow the chaff away
Kelabit
palid blown away, as papers in the wind
Kenyah
palit to blow, of wind; blown around
Sangir
palideʔ get lost, be driven off course by storm or wind
WMP Ilokano
páliŋ pintle (of a rudder)
Pangasinan
palíŋ to turn
Tagalog
páliŋ slope, inclination
palíŋ inclined sideward, tilted; person with the head physically turned sideward
Bikol
palíŋ turn the prow of a boat
Cebuano
palíŋ for something not rooted or fixed at the base to fall over to its side
Malay
paliŋ to turn away (of looking aside by the movement of the head, and not by a mere movement of the eyes; of turning round; turning a horse to the left; turning a boat's bows to port or starboard
Acehnese
paleŋ turn, swerve, avert
Karo Batak
paliŋ turn something in another direction
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
paliŋ lean to the side, list
CMP Sika
paliŋ turn the prow (of a boat)
Kamarian
hari- turn around, turn back, invert
Soboyo
paliŋ turn back, return
Formosan Kanakanabu
páali bile, gall bladder
Saaroa
palii bile, gall bladder
WMP Ilokano
páli pancreas
Bontok
páli spleen of a water buffalo
Pangasinan
páli spleen
Tagalog
palíʔ spleen
Bikol
páliʔ pancreas, spleen
WMP Agutaynen
pali scar
pali-en to be scarred
Cebuano
páliʔ large scar
Maranao
paliʔ wound, cut
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paliʔ wound; to wound
Tiruray
faliʔ a wound
Bintulu
paliʔ wound
Melanau (Mukah)
paliʔ a wound or cut
Gorontalo
pali a wound
WMP Cebuano
pális for the wind to blow something away
Karo Batak
palis blown away by the wind (word used in magical formulas)
palis-palis drizzling rain, misty rain
WMP Ngaju Dayak
palis sign of bad luck to come
Acehnese
paléh unlucky
Simalur
palis bad luck
WMP Bontok
pális a sequence of pig and dog sacrifices held at a person's house ... because of sickness, or because he has killed an enemy
Kankanaey
pális kind of sacrifice which takes place in the evening and in which a dog is killed
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
palis to purify (ceremonially) with blood; ward off evil or sickness; remove sickness caused by offending a supernatural
p-em-alis sacrificial animal given to someone as a propititation or appeasement
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
parisi to pray
p-en-arisi taboo
Paiwan
palisi rite, ceremony; tabu; "superstition"
WMP Aklanon
pálhi inhabited with evil spirits, enchanted
Palawano
lihi prohibition, taboo
Cebuano
pálhi for a place to be inhabited by supernatural beings that can get easily angered and inflict diseases on the object of their ire
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
lihiy-an a taboo, personal or general
p-em-elihi a happening which breaks a taboo or is extraordinary, highly unusual or contrary to accepted behavior
Kelabit
alih a taboo
m-alih be taboo
Melanau (Mukah)
paley a taboo
Ngaju Dayak
pali not allowed, forbidden
Malagasy
fady abstinence, fasting, prohibition; unlawfulness, incest; anything tabooed
Rhade
mlei taboo
Malay
p-em-ali taboo
Old Javanese
pali-pali, pa-pali the various ritual requisites (with purifying and strengthening power), used in ceremonial blessings (wedding, return after a battle, festive reception, etc.)
Bare'e
pali subject oneself to taboos by refraining from the use of or contact with things, the pronunciation of words or the visiting of places
OC Pohnpeian
pel be in a taboo relationship with someone or something
Chuukese
fáán Christian worship, divine service (general term)
fen engage in worship; be tabu, prohibited, sacred
Puluwat
fáál to worship
Woleaian
fali be restricted, stay away from impure things, keep away from eating certain foods
Formosan Kavalan
prisi-n taboo
WMP Bikol
palih-on ancient rites, superstitions or prohibitions
Formosan Thao
parshi-an taboo
Tsou
prisi-a taboo
Saaroa
palisi-a taboo
Paiwan
palisi-an private parts of the human body
WMP Yami
palit to exchange
Casiguran Dumagat
palít change, exchange, switch
Pangasinan
palít buy new clothes, have new clothes
Tagalog
palít change, exchange, substitute
Cebuano
palít buy
OC Mussau
alo to steer
ai aloalo rudder of a boat
Motu
halo-a steer off the wind so that the sail may catch the wind better
OC Sa'a
halo wither
Maori
paro (NG) shrunk, wilted
WMP Cebuano
palpá for the feet to get flat; flat, of feet
palpal-ún somewhat flat-footed
Iban
papal pare, clip off, cut even (at the edges)
WMP Itbayaten
pa-paxpax club for striking
paxpax-en to club, strike someone with a club
Bontok
ʔi-palpál to beat in order to cause injury or death, as in sacrificing a chicken or beating someone with a heavy stick
Ibaloy
palpal to beat something, strike many blows to something, esp. to the head
me-malpal the traditional way to kill a chicken for ceremonies by striking it with a stick or knife handle around its body, head, neck, wings --- softly, but the head blows kill; the blows cause swelling and improve taste
Cebuano
palpál hit someone on the open palm; knock something with the flat palm
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
palpál to drive a stake into something
Ibaloy
palpal stake to which an animal is tethered (as in pasture)
Pangasinan
pálpal to drive a wooden stake into the ground
Bikol
mag-palpál to drive in (as a post into the ground)
Agutaynen
palpal stakes used for tethering an animal or securing a tent
palpal-an to stake an animal out to graze
Binukid
palpal to pound, drive (something into the ground)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
palpal stake; to drive a stake into the ground
WMP Malay
papal short; cropped; trimmed
Karo Batak
palpal bare, of a large area; short, of grass
Toba Batak
palpal bald, of the head; also bare, of a field or mountain
WMP Ilokano
paló conger eel
Aklanon
paeó fish sp.
WMP Kelabit
paluh flour obtained from the pith of a thorny palm, acquired in trade from the Penan
CMP Manggarai
palu sago flour
WMP Kenyah
palu a rasp (used for sago)
Kayan
paloʔ a tool for adzing or rasping sago logs
Sangir
palu kind of adze used to smooth out the inner surface of a dugout canoe hull
Formosan Amis
palo to hit with something large or flat-surfaced, or with the hand
Amis (Kiwit)
mi-palu to fight with fists
Thao
paru to hammer, to beat someone up
paru sa nipin traditional ceremony of tooth extraction, performed at puberty to ensure the health and vigor of young adults (consists of knocking out the top incisors with a hammer-like instrument)
paru-an be hammered; be beaten up by someone
WMP Ifugaw
pallú (-ll- unexpl.) heavy stick to beat somebody with (e.g. a recalcitrant slave or servant), or an animal
Casiguran Dumagat
pálo to beat with a stick
Kapampangan
palu-paluʔ beater (used in washing clothes)
Tagalog
páloʔ stroke with the hand or a stick, usually in castigation
Cebuano
páluʔ hit, slap in punishment
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
palu heel; to kick with the heel
Kayan
paloʔ butting, as goats
Iban
paluʔ hit, beat, strike (with stick or mallet)
Malay
palu hitting hard with a rigid weapon (of clubbing or hammering or drumming or striking off a printed copy; not of blows with a switch)
me-malu beat a drum or a gong
Acehnese
palu hit with a stick or other object (as in striking a gong)
Karo Batak
per-palu a hammer
malu to strike with a stick
Toba Batak
ma-malu hit, strike; play a percussion instrument; fire off a weapon
Rejang
paleuw a hammer
Sundanese
palu hammer (of metal)
malu to hit with a hammer
Old Javanese
palu hammer, mallet
Javanese
palu hammer, mallet
malu to hammer
Balinese
palu hammer, mallet, knocker; to knock, hammer, cut
Sasak
palu hammer (said to be from Malay)
Sangir
palu an adze with short, curved handle and blade like a gouge; to work with such an instrument
Tontemboan
ma-palu pound sago of the Arenga saccharifera
Gorontalo
palu hammer
Uma
palu hammer
Bare'e
palu hammer, in particular the smith’s hammer
mom-palu to hammer, forge, pound iron
Tae'
palu hammer; beat with a hammer; also a very common term of abuse for coitus
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*palu hammer (tool)
Proto-South Sulawesi
*palu hammer
Mandar
palu-palu to beat
Buginese
palu a hammer
Makassarese
palu-palu hammer
Wolio
palu kind of large mallet; to hammer, batter, rap
Muna
palu a hammer; to hammer
CMP Ngadha
palu flat wood club
Palu'e
palu to hit, strike
Sika
palo strike with something heavy, as a hammer or a club
ai palo wooden club used to mash up pig fodder
Lamaholot
palu to hit, beat
Waiyewa
palu to hit
Lamboya
palu to hit
Anakalangu
palu to hit
Kambera
palu to beat, strike; anything used to hit or strike
palu ahu stick used to cudgel a dog
Rotinese
palu to strike dead, slaughter, used especially of chickens and dogs
Yamdena
n-falu to nail, to hammer
Fordata
n-falu hammer on, pound on
Dobel
fa-falu hammer
Kamarian
palu touch lightly
OC Wuvulu
falu-ia to hammer something, as a nail; a hammer (James Hafford, p.c.)
Formosan Thao
paru-paru a hammer; to hammer; the action of ceremonially striking out the teeth
WMP Karo Batak
palu-palu stick, pole; cudgel; beater for a musical instrument
Toba Batak
palu-palu beater (for drum or gong)
Old Javanese
palu-palu mace, war-club (or battle hammer?)
Tontemboan
pa-palu the instrument used to pound sago
Tae'
palu-palu-i beat on with a hammer
Mandar
palu-palu hammer (tool)
Makassarese
palu-palu hammer; cudgel, club; tool for beating
Wolio
palu-palu a hammer
CMP Yamdena
fa-falu a stake that has been pounded into the ground
Fordata
fal-falu time of general sago-pounding; beater for sago-pounding
Dobel
fa-falu a hammer
OC Wuvulu
falu-falu keep hammering, hammer on and on (James Hafford, p.c.)
OC Sa'a
i-pelu ~ i-pai-palu to make war, to fight
i-pelu-ŋa fighting
Wayan
valu be at war, fight a war
i-valu war
valu-ti make war on something, fight against something
Fijian
valu to make war on, be at war with
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
páluŋ chicken’s comb; to cut off the comb of a fighting cock (so it can see better)
Pangasinan
palóŋ the comb of a rooster
Sambal (Botolan)
páloŋ the comb of a chicken
Kapampangan
páluŋ cock’s comb
Tagalog
páloŋ a rooster’s comb; cockscomb
Bikol
paloŋ-ón a cock’s comb
mag-palóŋ to cut a cock’s comb; to cut or notch the ear of a person or animal
Hanunóo
páluŋ cock’s comb
Cebuano
palúŋ cut the cockscomb
Mansaka
paroŋ to cut off (as the comb of a rooster)
WMP Malay
paloŋ hollow with stagnant water; trough of wood for watering cattle
Acehnese
paloŋ trough
Karo Batak
paluŋ gutter, drain, funnel
Balinese
paluŋ trough, oblong basin, cooler
Sasak
paluŋ wooden vessel into which coconut meat is grated; wooden feeding trough for horses and dogs
Proto-South Sulawesi
*paluŋ trough
WMP Maranao
paloŋ-an trough
Subanen/Subanun
paloŋ-an trough
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
peluŋ-an trough made of a hollowed log used as a water container for tempering steel in the blacksmith shop and as a hog trough
Old Javanese
paluŋ-an trough, vat, tub, container for drinks?
Balinese
paluŋ-an trough, oblong basin, cooler
Sa'dan Toraja
paluŋ-an feeding trough (usually for pigs)
Tae'
paluŋ-an feeding trough for pigs and other animals
WMP Karo Batak
paluŋ-en gutter, drain, funnel
Buginese
paluŋ-eŋ rice mortar
WMP Itbayaten
paxoŋ sea waves
Ilokano
palóŋ wave, not a breaker, which is dalluyon
ag-palóŋ to create waves, undulate
na-palóŋ wavy
Isneg
palóŋ wave, billow
WMP Kapampangan
halu plane, scrape
OC Arosi
haru, harus-i to scratch
Niue
halu scrape, peel, sharpen
Tuvaluan
halu scrape; rub hand over face
Rennellese
pagu (NG) to scrape, as with a shell away from oneself; to scratch
WMP Ilokano
pampám prostitute, whore, easy girl
Bikol
pampám prostitute, whore, harlot
Cebuano
pampám prostitute (slang), become a prostitute
pa-mampám patronize a prostitute
Maranao
pampan harlot, prostitute
OC Label
han go, go away; come
Tolai
wana go, move; come
Sudest
vana go (Capell 1943:105)
Kapingamarangi
hana go
Rarotongan
ana the word used by itself means movement, and is used only in reference to mankind': the exact meaning if fixed by the word following: ana mai 'come (or move) here (towards the speaker)', anáatu 'go (or move) away (away from the speaker); go ahead, pass on, etc.
Maori
whana travel, come, go
WMP Tagalog
panhík go up the stairs
Maranao
panik ascend, climb stairs or ladder
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
p-em-enahik climb something, as a tree or ladder
Old Javanese
panék, penék climb, climb on, get on or in, mount, ascend
Javanese
pènèk climb habitually; act or way of climbing; climb a fruit tree and get the fruits for someone
Balinese
penék go up, rise, ascend
Mongondow
ponik climb a ladder or tree, ascend
Balantak
penek to climb
Bare'e
pone climb (not up mountains), climb a ladder into a house, a coconut tree, etc.
CMP Soboyo
hanaʔ ascend, climb; flood (of the sea)
OC Molima
vane climb
Kwaio
fane climb, go up
fane-fia climb up on, of a mating animal
Lau
fane rise up in sky, of sun, moon, or cloud; high, as a hill; tall, of a tree or house; rise, swell, or ferment, as of bread or a pudding, or a boil
'Āre'āre
hane climb, ascend, rise (of sun and moon); rise, ferment
Sa'a
hane climb trees in native fashion with a rope round the feet, ascending by alternate jumps of hands and feet
Arosi
hane climb (not a hill) a rope, tree, cliff, using hands
hane-ʔi climb
OC Lou
panap small blue fish with long needle-like mouth
Loniu
panah barred garfish: Hemirhamphus commersoni Cuv.
Leipon
pinah small blue and white fish with needle-nose
Likum
panah small blue and green marine fish with projecting lower jaw
Lindrou
banap small dotted fish with needle nose
Gilbertese
ana a fish (small, slender species), needlefish, garfish, halfbeak (Sabatier 1971)
anaa long-billed needlefish (Johannes 1981:160)
Chuukese
fana (fanaa) small needlefish
Woleaian
fela (felaa) kind of needlefish
Formosan Kavalan
pani bow (for shooting)
Pazeh
pa-pana shoot with a bow; throw at (with a stone)
Amis
panaʔ bow for shooting arrows
Thao
panaq throw something at an object to hit it, as in throwing a stone at a target; shoot with a weapon
ma-panaq fight with each other
malhim-panaq fight in war; throw something at a target
Bunun (Takituduh)
panaq shoot with a bow and arrow
Tsou
pono shoot with a bow
Proto-Rukai
*pana shoot (with arrows)
Puyuma
panaʔ arrow; shoot an arrow
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
panaH shoot with a bow
Paiwan
panaq arrow
WMP Itbayaten
pana arrow; bow
Ilokano
pána arrow
Isneg
pána arrow
Ifugaw
pána bow and arrow. Practically, it is only used by boys … it is hardly longer than one meter; its cord is mostly a string of rattan; its arrow is merely a straight, thin stick.
Casiguran Dumagat
paná arrow (of which there are several types); shoot an arrow
Pangasinan
ma-maná shoot an arrow
paná arrow
Kapampangan
pana bow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow (Bergaño 1860)
Tagalog
pánaʔ arrow
Bikol
pánaʔ bow and arrow; archery
Buhid
ag-fána to shoot
Aklanon
panáʔ bow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow
Agutaynen
panak an arrow (this can refer to both the bow and the arrow)
Hiligaynon
panáʔ arrow, bow
Cebuano
pánaʔ arrow, spear projected; shoot an arrow, to spear
Maranao
panaʔ bow; shoot with arrow
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
panaʔ bow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow
Maguindanao
pána to shoot
Tiruray
fanaʔ shoot an arrow with a bow
Tboli
hanak arrow with small metal point
Kadazan Dusun
ma-mana shoot with a bow
pana bow
Malay
panah archery; bow; arrow
panah-memanah archery
ibu panah bow (lit. ‘mother of shooting’)
anak panah arrow (lit. ‘child of shooting’)
Karo Batak
panah bow (no longer used in warfare)
Nias
fana bow, weapon
Sundanese
panah arrow and bow; manah shoot with bow and arrow
Old Javanese
panah arrow; bow; bowman
Balinese
panah arrow
panah-panah-an a children’s game with bows and arrows
Sasak
panaʔ arrow; bow
Bare'e
pana bow, formerly a weapon of the Toraja people and in more recent times still hung up in the blacksmith’s workshop as an example of the weapons and tools made there
mata mpana arrow
mo-pana use a bow
Tae'
pana bow
Makassarese
pana bow and arrow
ammana shoot with bow and arrow
pa-pana shoot with (something)
Wolio
pana bow (weapon)
ana-na pana arrow (lit. ‘child of bow’)
Muna
pana bow (not used on Muna)
Popalia
pana to shoot
CMP Manggarai
pana bow (not used by Manggarai)
Rembong
pana bow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow
Kambera
pana bow; shoot with bow and arrow
Tetun
hana to fire or shoot an arrow
Kei
fan shoot with bow and arrow
Kola
-fan to shoot
Watubela
fana-fanak arrow
SHWNG Mayá
ꞌfa¹²n shoot with bow and arrow
Biga
fan to shoot
Minyaifuin
-fan to shoot
Waropen
ana shoot an arrow
OC Sobei
-fan to shoot
Tarpia
-pan to shoot
Sio
a-pane to shoot
Nehan
wan(a) shoot
Halia
hana to shoot
Petats
hana to shoot an arrow
Selau
wana shoot with bow and arrow
Mono-Alu
fana aim at with bow; fa-fana go to kill birds or fish with bow and arrow
Ririo
van to shoot, throw
Nggela
vana shoot with bow and arrow; shoot with a gun (modern)
vana-hi shoot with bow and arrow
Kwaio
fana hunt; shoot at with bow and arrow
Lau
fana shoot with bow and arrow; fana-si shoot at
Sa'a
hana shoot with a bow, shoot with a gun
Arosi
hana shoot
Gilbertese
bana a sling; (kare)-bana hurl with sling and stone, pelt with stones
Lonwolwol
fεn shoot with bow and arrow
Rotuman
fana shoot with bow or gun
Fijian
vana shoot with an arrow or a gun; to pierce
Tongan
fana shoot (e.g. birds); to dynamite (fish)
Niue
fana bow; gun; arrow
Samoan
fana shoot; gun, rifle
Rennellese
hana shoot, as arrow, spear gun, gun, rocket, slingshot
Anuta
pana any implement which discharges projectiles
Hawaiian
pana to shoot, as marbles, arrows, bow; bow and arrows...
pana ʻiole to shoot rats or mice with bow and arrow, an ancient sport; bow and arrow
Formosan Thao
p<in>anaq was thrown at, was hit by something thrown
Paiwan
p<n>anaq to shoot, using bow and arrow
Formosan Kavalan
p-m-ani shoot with an arrow
Pazeh
mu-pana throw at, to hit (as when throwing a stone at a dog to drive it away)
Bunun
manaq shoot with bow and arrow
Kanakanabu
mu-a-panaʔə shoot with a bow
WMP Itbayaten
ma-mana catch fish with spear gun
Ngaju Dayak
ma-manah shoot with a bow
Malay
me-manah shoot an arrow
Nias
ma-mana shoot an arrow
Sasak
(me)-manaʔ shoot with bow and arrow
WMP Basap
panas hot
Lun Dayeh (Long Semado)
pana sweat
Kenyah
pana hot
Kayan
panah warm; feel warm; to warm up food
Wahau
mnæs warm, hot
Gaai
pnas warm, hot
Kelai
pnæs warm, hot
Woq Helaq Modang
pəneə̯h warm, hot
Long Gelat Modang
pənih warm, hot
Melanau (Mukah)
panas feeling of anger
Lahanan
pana warm
Malagasy
fana heat
voa-fana warmed (applied to food or medicine cooked and warmed the second time)
Iban
panas heat; hot, esp. of weather
Malay
panas heat, esp. (or specifically) solar heat
Karo Batak
panas sweat panas-en'to sweat'
Sundanese
panas hot; warmth, heat; fig. hot-tempered, irate, embittered, jealous, envious
Old Javanese
panas heat
Javanese
panas hot; have a fever; angry; having a curse on it; bringing misfortune
Balinese
panas heat; hot
Sasak
panas warm (of things); hot, sharp tasting (spices)
Mongondow
panat warm, feverish
Banggai
ko-onas warmth
maŋ-anas make something warm
mo-onas warm
Tae'
panaʔ heat of the sun; sharp, pungent, of Spanish pepper; Spanish pepper
Muna
fanah-a warm, hot (of air, atmosphere, food)
CMP Manggarai
panas hot (as sun); smarting, stinging, hot-tasting
Rembong
panas hot; fever; peevish; jealous
Ngadha
bana warm, hot (of fire, sun, fever, water); to warm up, heat up; fill with magical power
Kédang
pana warm
Kambera
mbana hot, warm; hot-tempered
mbanahu warm (as land)
pana to heat (as coffee)
panahu warm up; insist on, coerce
Hawu
pana warm, warmth
Dhao/Ndao
pana warm
Rotinese
hana warm, hot, of water and of anything that can be heated, as well as of the body; warmth; fig.: taboo (Jonker 1908); heat; hot, warm (in a physical and ritual sense); become hot, become ritually charged (Fox, J. 1993)
hana-hana somewhat warm
Tetun
hanas to warm or heat (as water)
Erai
panas warm, hot; sharp; fever
Talur
panas hot
Tugun
pʰana hot
Leti
pansa warm season; warm (as bread); sick, painful; sickness
Luang
pahənə <M warm
Selaru
anas hot, warm; to heat liquids
Yamdena
fanas heat; warmth
dalam me-fanas hot-tempered
na-fanas sick, feverish; warm up food
Proto-Ambon
*bana, *pana hot
SHWNG Buli
fànas warm, hot
OC Kove
wana-wana hot
Sobei
me-fna warm
Niue
faka-fana to warm up, as food; to repeat oneself
Samoan
faʔa-fana rebake, warm up
Rennellese
haka-hana recook or warm over
WMP Muna
fana-hi to boil (water), warm up (cooked food), to heat
OC Niue
fana-hi apply a hot poultice
WMP Mongondow
mo-panat warm, feverish
Tae'
ma-panaʔ hot, of the sun
CMP Tetun
manas hot, warm, burning; pungent, caustic, hot to the taste
Tetun (Dili)
manas hot
Vaikenu
manas sun
Galoli
banas warm
Roma
ma-hana hot (Jonker)
Yamdena
me-fanas hot
Gah
mo-fanas hot
SHWNG Buli
m-fànas warm, hot, burning; sentiment
Misool (Coast)
benis hot
Mayá
ꞌbini³s hot
OC Pileni
mahana warm
Tongan
ma-fana warm (of food, water, or drink); warm (to the touch)
mā-fana warm (inwardly, subjectively)
Samoan
mā-fana be intimate, in close relationship; be married
Nukuoro
ma-hana hot
Rarotongan
ma-ʔana heat, warmth; warm
Maori
ma-hana warm; day
Hawaiian
ma-hana warmth; warm
CMP Rotinese
hana-hana somewhat warm
OC Hawaiian
hana-hana hot, warm; vehement
OC Bauro
ma-hana-hana hot
Tongan
ma-fana-fana be fairly warm
Samoan
ma-fana-fana be warm (as water); (of weather) be mild, clement
Nukuoro
ma-hana-hana warm
Rarotongan
ma-ʔana-ʔana warmness, warmth; a heating
CMP Tetun
ha-hanas to heat
OC Mussau
a-anasa warm, hot; to heat (as water)
Hawaiian
ha-hana warm, hot (physical, and of strong emotion, as sorrow, love, fear)
WMP Tae'
panaʔ ginger: Zingiber officinale
Makassarese
panasaʔ a plant: Amomum acre. The pith of the large stems and fruits is minced and put in vinegar; the taste is pungent; the plant is also used as a medicine
CMP Rembong
panas tuberous plant; fam. Zingiberaceae
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
panáw have white patches on the skin
Bikol
pánaw Tinea flave (fungal skin disease characterized by de-pigmented patches of skin)
Maranao
panaw white itchy spot on skin which is caused by fungus
Iban
panau light patches on skin, leucoderma, caused by diet deficiency or (mild) tinea
Malay
panau light painless spots or marks on the human skin, regarded as beauty spots or otherwise (due usually to Pityriasis versicolor or Tinea flava)
Acehnese
panèë spots on human skin
Karo Batak
pano white spots on the skin
Toba Batak
pano-pano freckles
Tae'
pano skin disease in which the skin shows light-colored spots: Pityriasis flava
Mandar
pano skin disease: tinea, ringworm
Makassarese
pano spots on the skin (sometimes regarded as a sign of beauty)
CMP Manggarai
pano skin disease, tinea; patchy color, as of someone with tinea
Rembong
pano skin disease, tinea
Ngadha
pano having white or light spots on the skin
Kambera
panu kind of skin disease coupled with spots on the skin
Rotinese
hano spots of a lighter color on the skin
SHWNG Sawai
fɔn skin disease
OC Nauna
pan white patches on skin due to fungal infection
'Āre'āre
hano a skin disease, white spots without scales
Sa'a
hano a skin disease, small white spots on the skin, but no scales
WMP Bikol
panáw-on to have Tinea flava
Maranao
panaw-n be covered by ringworm
Karo Batak
pano-on suffer from white spots on the skin
Makassarese
pano-aŋ covered with skin spots
WMP Itbayaten
panáy plate, dish
Isneg
panáy kind of jar
Cebuano
panáy earthenware vessel, usually hemispherical but shallow, used to hold liquids
Ngaju Dayak
panai a crude earthenware bowl
Old Javanese
panay, pane earthen vessel, pot
Javanese
pane trough, bowl, basin (earthenware or wood)
Balinese
pane large vessel of earthenware or wood
Sasak
pane earthen vessel
CMP Ngadha
pane dish, basin, bowl
Sika
pane kind of earthen pot made in the Lio district
Tetun
hane-k wooden plate
ai hane-k a tree from which plates are made, and whose bark is used as an antifebrile: Alstonia scholaris
Yamdena
fane earthen dish of native manufacture
WMP Ilokano
pandák dwarf: dwarfish
Itawis
pándak short (of persons)
Casiguran Dumagat
pándak short-legged (of animate objects)
Kapampangan
pandak short of stature
Tagalog
pandák short (referring to stature)
Cebuano
pandák short and stout; be short and stout
Mansaka
pandak extremely short; dwarfed
Ngaju Dayak
pandak short in height, as a person
Iban
pandak short (as a stick, stature, brevity): shorten
Malay
pandak short, especially as a familiar name for the fourth or fifth child in the family (if a boy)
Tae'
pandak very short, very small
tau pandak a very short person
CMP Kambera
pandaku short, squat and compact in stature
WMP Ilokano
pandóŋ mantilla, woman’s scarf
ag-pandóŋ to wear a mantilla
Tagalog
pandóŋ anything, such as paper, cloth, banana or palm leaf, used as head covering for protection against the sun or rain
panduŋ-án to put a head covering on someone
panduŋ-ín to use something (e.g. a banana leaf or newspaper) as a head covering
Bikol
pandóŋ a hood; a canopy; parasol
mag-pandóŋ to shelter the head with a hood, canopy or parasol
Hanunóo
pánduŋ a protective rain cover, a combination rain cape and umbrella, made commonly from a leaf sheaf of the of the fan palm
WMP Rejang
paneus hot, warm, feverish
ateui paneus hot-tempered
Balinese
panes hot, troubled; heat
Bare'e
pane warm drink: coffee or tea
Mapane name of a river that has warm water in its lower course
OC Seimat
hani give
Wuvulu
fani give fani-a 'give it!'
Wogeo
vani give
Manam
ani give
Gedaged
pani give (him); hand over, bestow, grant, confer, impart, accord, yield
Gitua
van give
Motu
heni-a <A give to, hand to
Eddystone/Mandegusu
vani-a give
Zabana
vani give
OC Lakalai
vali to apply paint, feathers, etc. to the head or body
Sengseng
pan paint designs on bark cloth
Fijian
vani to put oil through the hair with one’s fingers
Tongan
pani to smear, besmear, daub or stain; to rub the head with oil
Rennellese
pani to anoint, as the head with turmeric
Maori
pani to paint, besmear; to smear, spread anything upon something else
WMP Itbayaten
panichi big bat: Pteropus sp.
Ilokano
panníki fruit bat, flying fox
Isneg
paníki fruit bat
Itawis
paníki fruit bat
Bontok
paníki kind of fruit eating bat
Kankanaey
panníki large bat
Ifugaw
panníki greatest species among the bats; fruit bat, flying fox
Ifugaw (Batad)
panniʔ a bat: Pteropus Leucopterus
Pangasinan
panikí a bat
Bikol
paníki fruit bat, flying fox
Maranao
paniki baby bat
Malagasy
fanihy a bat, probably a species of Pteropus
Sangir
paniki flying fox
Mongondow
poniki bat, flying fox
Tae'
paniki large bat, flying fox
Mori Atas
poniki bat
Wawonii
poniki bat
Mandar
paniki flying fox
Makassarese
pañiki <A flying fox
Palauan
olík fruit bat
Chamorro
fanihi bat (mammal), fruit bat
CMP Bimanese
panihi bat
Manggarai
niki kind of small flying fox
Ngadha
niki flying fox
Li'o
niki bat
Waiyewa
paniki flying fox
Kambera
paniʔ flying fox
Hawu
niʔi bat
Tetun
niki the generic term for bats
East Damar
niʔi fruit bat, flying fox
West Damar
niso fruit bat, flying fox
Watubela
fanik balan a bat
Proto-Ambon
*paniki flying fox
SHWNG Taba
pnik bat
Gimán
fnik flying fox
Buli
fni flying fox
CMP Bimanese
pani bait
Manggarai
paniŋ bait; to bait; to feed chickens
Rembong
paniŋ bait; to bait
Ngadha
pani fodder (as for pigs)
Kambera
pàni feed chickens or pigs
pàniŋu bait for fishing
Rotinese
hani trough for feeding pigs; domestic animal, a cared-for animal (Fox, J. 1993)
hani-k bait for fishing (Jonker 1908)
Selaru
ani feeding trough
Kei
fān bait
en-fān to feed; bait a hook
OC Tolai
bān bait
Gitua
bani bait
Numbami
bani fish bait
Mailu
bani food of animal or bird; bait
Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka
bani fishhook; fishing
Molima
bani, bani-bani to fish with hook and line
Kosraean
pa bait
Pohnpeian
pahn bait, lure
Mokilese
pehn bait
WMP Ilokano
pánit to skin, to flay (fowls or men's head)
Pangasinan
pánit to skin (e.g. a frog)
Tagalog
panít excoriated, skinned
Aklanon
pánit skin, flesh; to peel off, to skin
Hiligaynon
pánit skin, leather, bark; to skin, to peel something off
Cebuano
pánit skin, peelings, bark, leather; shell of a shrimp, egg; to skin, peel something; beat someone in gambling; be trounced in a fight
Maranao
panit leather, hide, skin
Subanen/Subanun
panit skin
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
panit leather
Kenyah
panit to scratch; scratched
Kayan
panit to manhandle a person, handle roughly; be torn by animals; clothes torn by rough handling
WMP Manobo (Ata)
pantad shore
Binukid
pantad shore
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pantad sand; beach of a river; sandbar
Tiruray
fantad the ground, earth, land; patched with mud; hike along a beach
Blaan (Koronadal)
fantad shore
Totoli
pandad shore, beach
Dondo
pantadE shore, beach
Boano
pantad sandbank
WMP Keley-i
pantal sand; gravel
Manobo (Ilianen)
pantag sand
WMP Tagalog
pantáy of the same height or level
Bikol
mag-pantáy to level off (something)
Maranao
pantay field, meadow
Tiruray
fantay level
Iban
pantai earth, soil, mud, (at sea) mud bottom
Malay
pantai beach, coast
WMP Kankanaey
panték spotted, speckled; marked with spots; stained
Kadazan Dusun
pantok a spot in the eye
na-pantak-an to have a spot in the eye
Iban
pantak having spot of different color, usually of animal's head
WMP Ilokano
pantók top, summit, peak; ridge; tip of long nose
patok-pátok summit, top, crest
Pangasinan
pantók summit, top
Tagalog
pantók summit, top
WMP Ilokano
panóos stench of smoke and smoky substances
Hanunóo
panús stench of urine
Cebuano
panʔús for food, wash, or the body to get a rancid smell from having been wet and not allowed to dry out well; spoiled, sour in smell
Maranao
panos sour
Formosan Thao
pazaw to go, walk
shum-pazaw to depart, walk away
WMP Ilokano
pánaw to leave, go away, set out; die
ag-pánaw to leave for good, evacuate
pa-panaw-en to drive away, send away
Isneg
pánaw go away, depart, withdraw
Itawis
pánaw departure
Tagalog
pánaw departure; disappearance; death
Aklanon
pánaw go on foot, walk; leave, depart, go
Palawan Batak
panáw walk
Cebuano
pánaw travel, journey; regularly scheduled trip; make a travel or journey
Maranao
panaw journey; roam
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
hi-panew walk, go on a journey, go someplace
Kadazan Dusun
panau walk, march
Kayan
panau walk; walking; go by foot
Kayan (Long Atip)
panaw to walk
Singhi Land Dayak
ponu go, walk
Nias
fanõ go away, depart; go
Rejang
paneuw go, walk
CMP Ngadha
bano go, walk
Palu'e
pana go
Li'o
mbana go, walk
Sika
bano go, walk
Lamaholot
pana go
Adonara
pana to walk
Kola
-ban to walk
Ujir
bana-bana to walk
SHWNG Taba
han to go
Gimán
han to walk
Sawai
n-fan to go
Buli
fān depart; go, walk
Irarutu
fan to go
OC Bugotu
vano go, come; used in comparisons: beyond, more
Nggela
vano away, further off; to go
Arosi
hano make a journey, set out; go
Proto-Micronesian
*fano go
Mota
van(o) go, come
Merig
van to go
Sakao
yan to go
Amblong
van to go
Apma
van to go
Rano
-wan to go
Leviamp
-v̋a to go
Axamb
væn to go
Lonwolwol
van go, pass (and so also of time); to continue (to do ...); often; adverbially: away
Southeast Ambrym
haen going, departure
Efate (South)
pan to go
Anejom
a-pan ~ han go
Niue
fano go (sg.)
Samoan
fano (of time) be gone, past; perish
Tuvaluan
fano go (sg.)
Nukuoro
hano go (sg.)
Rennellese
hano go (sg.); depending on, according to; on and on; little by little; one by one
Maori
whano go, proceed; lead, of a road; verge towards; be on the point of; act, behave
Formosan Saisiyat
palir wing
Proto-Atayalic
*palid wing
Pazeh
pa-palit wing
Siraya
pa-palis wing
WMP Itbayaten
panid pectoral fin, wing (in general)
Ivatan
pañid wing
Mansaka
panid wing
Sangir
panidəʔ wing
Bare'e
pani wing of a bird, bat, or insect
mo-pani to have wings
Mori Bawah
pani wing
Proto-South Sulawesi
*pani(C) wing
CMP Selaru
ani wing
Soboyo
pani wing
OC Kaniet
pani- wing
Sio
baani wing
Magori
vane wing
Gabadi
vani wing
Merig
mbani wing
Merlav
mbani wing
Wailengi
mban wing
Formosan Bunun (Takituduh)
pani wing
WMP Itbayaten
panid wing
Mansaka
panid wing
Sangir
panideʔ wing
Uma
paniʔ wing
Bare'e
pani wing
Tae'
paniʔ wing
Mandar
paniʔ wing
CMP Selaru
ani wing
Kei
fani-n wing, fin
Buruese
pani-n wing
Soboyo
pani wing
OC Nauna
pɨn wing
Mondropolon
pani-n wing
Lindrou
bani-n wing
Arop
bani wing
Gedaged
bani-n wings of birds
Mapos
mbanis wing
Motu
hani (OG) wing of a bird
Lakona
pane wing
Merlav
mbani wing (Formosan only)
Formosan Pazeh
paliŋ wall
Tsou
phi-phiŋi door
Paiwan
palʸiŋ door
WMP Chamorro
fañagu bear (offspring), give birth
OC Proto-Polynesian
*faanau (length unexpl.) give birth, be born
WMP Ngaju Dayak
paŋ popping, to pop (as when one pulls a cork from a bottle); sound of fingers snapping, tongue clacking
Malay
paŋ banging sound
Karo Batak
paŋ soung of a bang
Makassarese
paŋ banging sould (as a gun firing, inner tube bursting)
OC Gedaged
paŋ-paŋ snap! noise made when snapping a dry coconut with one's finger
Gitua
baŋ bang! noise of stone exploding fire
WMP Ilokano
paŋ- nominalizing instrumental prefix used for maŋ- verbs
Tagalog
paŋ- prefix forming nouns or adjectives denoting instruments, special usages or the like
Bikol
paŋ- prefix used to form deverbal nouns
Bahasa Indonesia
peŋ- nominal prefix often forming words that denote agents, or less commonly products of an action
Karo Batak
peŋ- deverbal prefix forming agents (with animate nouns) or instruments (with inanimate nouns)
Toba Batak
paŋ- deverbal prefix forming instrumental nouns
Balinese
paŋ- nominal prefix often forming words that denote agents
Toratán
paŋ- verbal noun referring to the action of doing what the base specifies
Formosan Pazeh
paŋa branch
ma-paŋa branching
Thao
pana fork of a branch; bifurcation; branch
Bunun (Takituduh)
pa-paŋa bifurcation; fork of a branch
WMP Itbayaten
paŋa twins
Isneg
paŋá branch (of a tree)
Itawis
paŋá branch (of tree, river, etc.)
Bontok
paŋá branch of a tree from which leaves are growing; hooks on the top of a pinaŋpaŋa earring
Kankanaey
paŋá branch, bough, twig
Kapampangan
paŋá jaw
Tagalog
paŋá jaw, jawbone
Bikol
paŋá jaw, jawbone; jowl
Aklanon
paŋá hook (for getting fruits)
Cebuano
paŋá forked stick; forked handle of a slingshot
Maranao
paŋa horn
Tboli
haŋa branch of a tree; antlers
Kadazan Dusun
paŋo tributary or side road; branch off (river, road)
Malay
paŋa forked supports for carrying poles, etc. in a cargo boat
Banggai
paŋa branch
Uma
paŋa forked branch
Bare'e
paŋa bifurcation; forked branch, fork in a road
Popalia
paŋa branch
CMP Manggarai
paŋa branch; be forked
Rembong
paŋa branch, fork of a branch; forked
Ngadha
paŋa open the eyes and mouth, be amazed
Yamdena
faŋe span of the hand
Fordata
faŋa handspan
Kei
faŋa-t handspan
Soboyo
paŋa-ñ branch
OC Tolai
paŋ open the mouth, esp. of a basket or container
Cheke Holo
paŋa fish spear with several prongs
Roviana
paŋa fish spear with several prongs
Sa'a
paŋa to wonder, stagger at a matter
Mota
waŋa open the mouth, gape, gasp
OC Tolai
paŋa-ŋa to open one’s mouth, be open, yawn, gape
Lau
a-faŋa to open wide, gape, uncover, open up
Mota
waŋa to open the mouth, gape, gasp
Samoan
faŋa bay
faŋa-loa gulf
Maori
whaŋa bay, bight, nook
Hawaiian
hana bay, valley (only in place-names)
WMP Ilokano
paŋá jawbone
Ayta Abellan
paŋah jaw and jawbone
Kapampangan
paŋá jaw
Tagalog
paŋá jaw; the lower part of the face; jawbone
Bikol
paŋá jaw, jawbone; jowl
ma-paŋá to get hit on the jaw
Agutaynen
paŋa jaw
Maranao
paŋa horn
WMP Ilokano
maŋán to eat
Kankanaey
paŋán viand, food; all that is edible and is eaten with rice
Kalamian Tagbanwa
paŋan to eat
Agutaynen
ma-maŋan to eat a meal, to eat something
Old Javanese
paŋan food; eating
Balinese
maŋan to eat
Sasak
paŋan sticky rice cakes
maŋan to eat
Tae'
paŋan betel chew
SHWNG Numfor
paŋan touch, taste, feel
OC Baluan
paŋ to feed
Bipi
hak to feed
Nggela
vaŋa food, properly vegetable food; to eat, have a meal
Kwaio
faŋa food; eat
Lau
faŋa to eat, have a meal; a meal, food; to bite, nibble, of fish
fā-faŋa to feed
WMP Old Javanese
p<in>aŋan to eat, swallow, devour
OC Lakalai
la vilaŋa food given as payment to visiting singers and dancers
v-il-aŋa food given as payment to visiting singers and dancers
'Āre'āre
hinana taro pudding
hinaŋa taro pudding
Sa'a
hinaŋa a yam pudding eaten at sacrifices
hinaŋa yam pudding
Arosi
hinaŋa yams for sacrifices, one or two tubers; seed yams for planting; vegetable food
hinaŋa yams for sacrifices, one or two tubers; seeds yams for planting; vegetable food
WMP Ilokano
paŋán-an dining room
Malay
pəŋan-an cake; sweetmeat
Balinese
paŋan-an food, things to eat
OC Nauna
haŋɨn-i to feed
Bali (Uneapa)
vaŋan-i to feed
Arosi
haŋani pet animal, adopted animal
Fijian
vaŋani pet animal; petted
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
paŋánay first born child in a family
Tagalog
paŋánay first-born child
maŋánay to deliver one’s first child
Hanunóo
paŋánay oldest child
Aklanon
paŋánay first born, first to do
Maranao
paŋanay firstborn
Mansaka
paŋanay eldest; firstborn
OC Patpatar
paŋaŋa open the mouth in wonder; yawn
Mengen (Poeng)
paŋa open the mouth
Nehan
paŋaŋa open the mouth
Formosan Saisiyat
paŋaʔ branch
WMP Malay
paŋah openmouthed
CMP Manggarai
paŋa bifurcation; forked, pronged
Yamdena
faŋe handspan, step
Fordata
faŋa a span
n-faŋa-t to measure by handspans
WMP Bikol
paŋási rice wine
pa-paŋasíh-an the container in which the rice wine is made
Kenyah
peŋasi rice wine specially prepared in jar
WMP Ilokano
i-paŋát to cook fish with sour tamarind seasoning
Pangasinan
paŋát to cook fish in vinegar with garlic
Sambal
paŋát to cook fish, shrimp, etc. with salt and small amount of water; onions, tomatoes, ginger, etc. may be added
Tagalog
paŋát ~ p<in>aŋát fish cooked in water with vinegar and salt added
Bikol
paŋát to cook
p<in>aŋát dish consisting of mince meat, shrimp or fish, chopped coconut and spices, wrapped in a taro leaf and cooked in coconut milk
Tiruray
faŋat to preserve fish for several hours by partially boiling it with salt
Minangkabau
paŋat stuffing fish or flesh and stewing it in a rich spicy sauce
WMP Bikol
paŋól stupid, dull
Agutaynen
paŋel stupid; asinine; idiot
WMP Agutaynen
paŋel stupid; asinine; idiot
Cebuano
paŋug stupid, tending to do the wrong thing unthinkingly
WMP Malay
daun pegaga a creeping herb with an edible leaf: Hydrocotyle asiatica
peŋgaga a creeping herb, Hydrocotyle asiatica
Old Javanese
paŋgaga kind of creeping herb, Hydrocotyle asiatica
Tae'
paŋgaga a creeping plant with small, round leaves that are used as a vegetable and boiled for pig fodder: Hydrocotyle asiatica
WMP Ifugaw
págaŋ roast soomething edible
Tagalog
paŋgáŋ broiled or toasted to crispiness
Bikol
paŋgáŋ to dry-fry in a kawaliʔ producing a result similar to toasting, rather than frying
Ngaju Dayak
paŋgaŋ anything roasted on a gridiron; to roast on a gridiron
Iban
paŋgaŋ roast, bake, cure by smoking
Malay
paŋgaŋ broiling; roasting before the fire; toasting. Esp. toasting or roasting on a spit, skewer, or fork
Acehnese
paŋgaŋ roast (meat or fish) on a spit
Karo Batak
paŋgaŋ roast something over a fire; roasted
Nias
faga roast (in the flames)
Old Javanese
paŋgaŋ to roast (on spit, fork, etc.), toast
Javanese
paŋgaŋ broiled food, food cooked over an open fire or charcoal; to toast at an open fire
Balinese
paŋgaŋ roast over a fire
Sasak
paŋgaŋ to roast
Makassarese
paŋgaŋ roasting of chicken (or a piece of chicken)
WMP Maranao
paŋgaw elevate, raise up; bed
Iban
paŋgaw wooden platform, bench or bedstead in longhouse gallery
WMP Iban
paŋgoŋ pile, stack
Malay
paŋgoŋ raised flooring, platform of a stage (paŋgoŋ wayaŋ), a scaffolding for spectators, a look-out house
Toba Batak
paŋguŋ heap, pile, knoll
Sundanese
paŋguŋ dome, look-out, tower
Old Javanese
paŋguŋ scaffolding, raised platform, stand for spectators, "tower" in the cremation ceremony, stage for play (wayaŋ)
Javanese
paŋguŋ attic; platform built on piles above flood level; open-air pavilion for spectators
Balinese
paŋguŋ tower, cupola, dome
bale paŋguŋ a high platform
Sasak
paŋgooŋ lay something on top of something else
paŋguŋ an elevated structure with a ladder, used as a look-out
WMP Toba Batak
paŋguŋ-an hearth
Balinese
paŋguŋ-an a high place for seeing from, a look-out
WMP Maranao
paŋi poisonous squash: Pangium edule Reinw.
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paŋi a tree, probably Parartocarpus woodii, which bear large edible fruit the seeds of which are a source of edible oil
Kadazan Dusun
paŋi kind of fruit the seeds of which are added to salted fish
Ngaju Dayak
paŋi kind of mango tree and its fruit, which has an exceptionally thick skin
Acehnese
paŋè wild tree from the seeds of which a good cooking oil is prepared
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
paŋi flattish seed which is eaten after being cooked; if eaten uncooked it can cause intoxication
Old Javanese
paŋi tree with edible fruits: Pangium edule
Balinese
paŋi tree sp.
Sangir
paŋi tree with edible fruits and leaves
Mongondow
paŋi a tree, Pangium edule. Its shredded leaves are mixed with bacon and blood and cooked in a bamboo to make a favorite dish. The seeds of the fruit are also eaten, but are poisonous and must first be roasted
Bare'e
paŋi a tree with seeds and leaves that are edible after proper preparation: Pangium edule
Tae'
paŋi a tree with large round fruits, Pangium edule. The pith of the seeds is dried, pounded, and cooked, and becomes black as a result; it is then used as a vegetable
Makassarese
paŋi tree with large fruits each of which contains two or three seeds: Pangium edule; after the seeds are cooked, one obtains a black mucilaginous substance from them which is used in the preparation of certain dishes
WMP Palawan Batak
paŋi-paŋil ankle (Reid 1971)
Kadazan Dusun
tam-paŋi ankle
Murut (Timugon)
am-paŋil ankle
WMP Tagalog
paŋkál protruding or visible above the ground (said of surface roots of trees)
Malagasy
faka a root
Malay
paŋkal first portion; beginning
paŋkal ñiur visible root of coconut palm
paŋkal pokok lower part of tree trunk
paŋkal təliŋa junction of ear with head
Toba Batak
paŋkal stem, basal part of a tree or shrub; capital with which one works
WMP Cebuano
páŋkaʔ bump against something
Iban
paŋkaʔ strike, dash (down, against), hurl
Malay
paŋkah to peg a top
WMP Tagalog
paŋkó armful; as much as one or both arms can hold; carried in the arms
p<um>aŋkó to carry in one’s arms; to cuddle; to hold close and lovingly in one’s arms or on one’s lap
Ngaju Dayak
paŋku put into one’s lap
Iban
paŋkuʔ take or hold on the lap
Malay
paŋku holding to the breast; taking on the lap
mə-maŋku to nurse; to look after; to serve as deputy for
Karo Batak
maŋku carry in the arms
Sundanese
maŋku lift up with the hands (a child, a mirror, etc.); hold in the hands; to take or carry in the arms; hold in the lap
Old Javanese
a-maŋku to hold or receive on the lap; to carry in both hands or arms in front of the chest
p<in>aŋku to hold or receive on the lap
Javanese
paŋku to sit on someone’s lap
maŋku to hold someone on the lap; to have something close in front of one
paŋku-n a lap
Balinese
maŋku hold on the lap, sit on the lap
OC Motu
haoda to fish
Bugotu
vaŋoda hunt for shellfish on the reef
Nggela
vaŋonda to collect food on the reef
Nakanamanga
pa-vaŋoda look for shellfish
Anejom
a-haŋeč forage on the reef
WMP Ilokano
paŋpáŋ furrow, ridge (thrown up by a plow)
Ibaloy
paŋpaŋ bank of a river
Pangasinan
paŋpáŋ river bank, riverside, seaside
Kapampangan
paŋpaŋ river bank
Tagalog
pampáŋ river bank
Bikol
paŋpáŋ river bank; bluff
pam-aŋpaŋ-on a high, steep river bank difficult to ascend
Hanunóo
pampáŋ bank of a river; edge of a field
Aklanon
páŋpaŋ bank (of river); shoreline
Agutaynen
paŋpaŋ cliff; steep dropoff into the ocean
Hiligaynon
páŋpaŋ brink, edge, coast, area close to a river or sea
Cebuano
paŋpáŋ cliff
paŋpaŋ-anun cliff dwellers
paŋpaŋ-un characterized by having cliffs
Maranao
pampaŋ cliff; steep, as in contour of earth
Binukid
paŋpaŋ cliff; steep bank
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paŋpaŋ a cliff
Kadazan Dusun
pampaŋ rock, big stone
Ida'an Begak
pappaŋ beach; river side
Malagasy
fampana a precipice, an abyss
Mongondow
pompaŋ steep slope of a mountain, but one along which one can still descend
Ampibabo-Lauje
pampaŋ land; plain
WMP Kapampangan
paŋpaŋ-an, pampaŋ-an Kapampangan ('people of the river banks')
Wolio
pampaŋ-a steep; rather deep part of the sea where the bottom is still visible
WMP Kapampangan
ka-pampaŋ-an Kapampangan ('people of the river banks')
Cebuano
ka-paŋpaŋ-an cliffs; the province Pampanga; its people and its language
Formosan Kavalan
paŋzan pandanus
Rukai (Tona)
paŋuDaɭ pineapple
Paiwan
paŋudalʸ pandanus; pineapple; Pandanus odoratissimus var. sinensis
WMP Ilokano
paŋdán the screw pine, Pandanus tectorius Sol. Its leaves are used in the manufacture of hats and mats
Isneg
pandān kind of screw pine. Its fragrant inflorescences are added to the headband on festive occasions
Kankanaey
paŋdán ananas, pineapple
Tagalog
pandán Pandanus odoratissimus
Bikol
pandán, paŋdán pandanus (used in weaving of mats and other articles)
Hanunóo
páŋdan pandanus palm (Pandanus sp.)
Aklanon
páŋdan a tree and its fruit: Pandanus tectorius
Cebuano
páŋdan any of the plants of the genus Pandanus, esp. tectorius
Maranao
pandan hemp
pandan-an maguey plantation, ramie plantation
Malagasy
fandrana shrubs, from the stems of which gutters for carrying water ... are made, hence an aqueduct. Two or three species are known by this name, from which a kind of potash is obtained. The leaves are used for thatching. Pandanus sp.
Iban
pandan Screw pine (Pandanus spp.)
Malay
pandan Smaller screwpine. Generic for all such Pandanaceae as are used for fine matwork or plaitwork
Simalur
pandan pandanus palm: Pandanus odoratissimus
Karo Batak
pandan pandanus variety the leaves of which are used in plaiting
Toba Batak
pandan pandanus, screwpine
Mentawai
padat Pandanus odoratissimus L.
Sundanese
pandan kind of plant (some types are used to weave mats while the redolent leaves of others are minced and used with flowers and fragrant oil by women)
Old Javanese
paṇḍan kind of tree: Pandanus
Javanese
paṇḍan pandanus tree
pandan waŋi fragrant pandanus leaf as a cooking ingredient
pandan eri pandanus thorn, used for hats, mats
Madurese
pandhan pandanus
Balinese
paṇḍan pandanus
Sasak
pandan name of various types of pandanus: Pandanaceae
Tae'
pandan fragrant type of pandanus with thorny leaves
Buginese
panreŋ pandanus
Makassarese
pandaŋ name of various types of pandanus
Palauan
oŋór Pandanus aimiriikensis Mart.
CMP Manggarai
pandaŋ pineapple: Ananas comosus
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
fodan pandanus
OC Lou
par kind of pandanus with narrow light-green leaves, used in plaiting mats
Loniu
pa kind of pandanus with narrow light-green leaves, used in plaiting mats
Leipon
padr kind of pandanus with narrow light-green leaves, used in plaiting mats
Ahus
pah pandanus tree and fruit
Kele
pat pandanus
Papitalai
par broad-leaved pandanus sp.
Wuvulu
paxa kind of broad-leaved littoral pandanus used in plaiting mats and baskets
Aua
para kind of broad-leaved littoral pandanus used in plaiting mats and baskets
Mussau
arana littoral pandanus the leaves of which are used in plaiting mats and baskets
Tanga
faa pandanus
Gedaged
pad the pandanus tree
Mbula
paanda pandanus tree
Gitua
pada pandanus
Gilbertese
ara prefix to names of different species of pandanus
Puluwat
faar pandanus, used for mats and thatch
Woleaian
fash(a) pandanus, pineapple
Iaai
watr a plant: Pandanus
Rotuman
hata kind of pandanus bearing fruit in compact, rouhly spherical masses
Fijian
vadra the pandanus tree: Pandanus odoratissimus
Tongan
fā kind of pandanus which sends down shoots from the branches to the ground
Samoan
fala name given to a number of tree-like plants of the genus Pandanus; mat
Rennellese
haga pandanus, of great value for thatch and mats
Rarotongan
ara pineapple; Pandanus odoratissimus
Maori
whara a plant; ? Astelia sp., but possibly applied to any plant with ensiform leaves, such as Astelia, Phormium, Typha, etc.
Hawaiian
hala the pandanus, or screw pine: Pandanus odoratissimus
OC Lou
aŋus blow the nose
Mengen (Poeng)
paŋusi blow the nose
Chuukese
foŋoti <A blow one’s nose
WMP Ngaju Dayak
kala-papa tree with durable wood used for knife handles, rudders, etc.; the long-burning coals are used in the smelting of gold and copper, and the young leaves as a simple in the treatment of eye inflammations
Makassarese
gulim-papa tree with strong wood
Muna
fafa kind of tree, the wood of which is light and durable, used for boat and house building
CMP Bimanese
pampa tree with useful wood: Vitex pubescens
Manggarai
pampa tree which is good for making house posts: Vitex pubescens
WMP Itbayaten
papa father (address term); fond name for father, dad, daddy
Bare'e
papa father, father’s brother, mother’s brother
OC Samoan
papa (children’s language) Dad, Daddy
OC Tolai
papaba crayfish sp.
Mota
vavapa kind of crawfish
WMP Itbayaten
papag low table, usually of bamboo
Ilokano
pápag bamboo bench; bamboo or wood bed (with no mattress)
Casiguran Dumagat
pápag shelf, high table (in a house for keeping things on); high table (outside, for drying meat on, or for the offering of the atang sacrifice)
Kapampangan
pápag bamboo-slat platform used for sleeping, eating, and just sitting around talking
Tagalog
pápag a low bamboo bed
Bikol
pápag bamboo cot or bed
Hanunóo
pápag a bamboo slat-tray or shelf, used for support of bone bundles in a family burial cave
Agutaynen
papag stretcher made of bamboo
WMP Maranao
papak to break, chip off
OC Nggela
papa to chip
papa ni gai wood chips
Arosi
baba to break one thing on another, chip a stone
baba-ria chipped
WMP Waray-Waray
papán ŋa bató stone tablet
Cebuano
papán stone slab
Maranao
papan lumber, board; arrange checkers or chess (pieces) on board
Tiruray
fafan a sawed board, lumber; to make lumber or boards by hand
Mapun
papan board; plank (usually and inch and a half or less thick)
Yakan
papan a plank, board (as for making a wall)
Ngaju Dayak
papan board, plank
papan batu a thin flat stone or a thin, flat piece of iron
ma-mapan build a boat or ship; like a board, i.e. flat, even
Malagasy
fáfana a piece of board for writing on, a lesson-board, a blackboard
Iban
papan long flat surface or thing
papan kayuʔ plank, board
Proto-Chamic
*papa:n board; plank
Moken
papan plank
Malay
papan plank; board; strake; flooring; numeral coefficient for games played on boards, such as chess and draughts
papan sandar backrest
Acehnese
papeuën plank (as in a coffin or grave)
Gayō
papan plank, board
Karo Batak
papan plank, the plank floor; a chessboard
Toba Batak
papan board, plank; floor boards
Rejang
papeun wooden board, plank
Sundanese
papan plank, board; in a wider sense, any flat object; plank (of wood, stone, etc.)
papan batu stone plate
Old Javanese
papan board; (round wooden) shield
a-papan using a shield, bearing a shield
Javanese
papan board
Balinese
papan board, plank
papan catur chessboard
Sasak
papan plank; slate; school board
Mongondow
papan stick or lath used to tap down the weft thread (in weaving)
Tae'
papan plank
Makassarese
papaŋ plank, board
Wolio
papa board, plank
batu papa writing slate
Palauan
wlawl floor (< *panpan)
CMP Manggarai
papaŋ plank, board
Hawu
papa plank
Wetan
papna board, plank
Yamdena
n-papan stack on top on one another, of flat objects like boards
Buruese
papan board
Kayeli
hahane board
SHWNG Buli
fafan plank
OC Manam
baba flat; palm of the hand
Tawala
baba- base, underneath, bottom
Dobuan
kaiwa ba-baba-na board
Molima
baba lower plank on canoe side; to put planks on canoe
Bugotu
pava plank
Lau
baba flat; a board; lower part of back; a wooden door
ba-baba a board, flat object
baba-la flatness
baba-na long side board of canoe
'Āre'āre
hapa timber; a canoe seat
Sa'a
hapa a canoe seat, removable
Arosi
hapa a board; flat; mid-seats of a canoe
Proto-Micronesian
*papa board, plank
Gilbertese
baba a board, plank, used for diverse purposes; a wash board, surf board, etc.
Kosraean
pæp rib, side, raised sides of a canoe between front and rear gunwales
Mokilese
pɔp thin board or sheet of lumber
Chuukese
paap board, plank; board floor
Puluwat
paap board, lumber, timber; canoe planks
pápá-n limw house board
Woleaian
paap(a) plank, strake, the planking (of a canoe); to be provided with plank
Pileni
papa board
Rotuman
papa floor, or deck, if made of boards
Wayan
baba board, plank, or other flat, wide piece of wood
vaka-baba have boards on, be boarded or planked
Fijian
bava washstrake or upper planks of canoe
Tongan
papa sawn timber, plank(s), board(s); flat hard sandstone forming a layer or bed at the coast in certain places; flat and smooth and hard (as a well-trodden track)
Niue
papa flat
faka-papa to stack neatly in layers (as banana cases)
Futunan
papa board, plank
Samoan
papa board, plank; rock; make level, flatten
Kapingamarangi
baba level, stretcher; board on which women plait mats
baba hale floor of a house
Nukuoro
baba level (not bumpy); any sort of flat base (esp. the board on which mats are plaited), the consolidated reef under water or sand; the back of a human; the shell of a turtle, crab, etc
Rennellese
papa sounding board, beater of the papa, dancer to the papa; to be flat, flattened; to flatten
Anuta
papa board, plank; any hard flat surface, as the top of a plank, a flat rock
Maori
papa anything broad, flat, and hard; flat rock, slab, board; earth floor or site of a native house; bed of a lake
Hawaiian
papa flat surface, stratum, layer, level, foundation; story of a building; class, rank, order; table; sheet, plate, shelf; flat, level
hoʔo-papa to place in rank or file; to put in order, to put in layers, overlay, as shingles; to make a shelf; to pack neatly
WMP Maranao
papaʔ shoots of vegetables
Malay (Jakarta)
papah coconut frond
Old Javanese
papah the long stalk of a palm- or banana-leaf
Javanese
papah midrib of a palm frond
OC Arosi
haha-na frond of a palm
Marshallese
pāp coconut frond; midrib of a coconut frond
CMP Buruese
papa-n cheek
OC Molima
baba lower plank on canoe side
Roviana
papara (OG) side of face, cheek
Kwaio
baba side, cheek
Lau
baba long side board of canoe; the side
Arosi
baba cheek, temples; side of a stream, etc.
Fijian
baba the side of a thing, the cheek bone; also, the side of a canoe
WMP Singhi Land Dayak
paput stopped up (choked up)
Javanese
pampet stop flowing (as blood)
OC Kwaio
fafi cook in leaf oven; sacrifice a pig
Lau
fafi put leaves on oven in cooking
Sa'a
hahi cook in an oven with leaves and hot stones
Arosi
hahi cook in a native oven; food cooked so
Fijian
vavi bake food in a native oven
OC Gedaged
bab (NG) kind of coral, limestone
Sa'a
haho the shore reef
Arosi
haho encircling reef
Rotuman
haho coral reef
Formosan Puyuma
paʔa thigh
WMP Itbayaten
paa thigh
Umiray Dumaget
pa thigh
Sambal (Botolan)
páʔa thigh
Tagalog
páʔa ~ paʔá foot, leg; hoof, paw
paʔa-hán having large feet
Bikol
páʔa thigh; lap, haunches, hip
paʔá-on describing someone with large thighs
Masbatenyo
páʔa thigh, upper leg
Aklanon
páʔa thigh, upper leg
Waray-Waray
páʔa thigh; lap
Agutaynen
paka thigh; leg
Hiligaynon
páʔa thigh
Cebuano
páʔa thigh, legs from the knees up
páʔa-han the upper leg of a pair of pants
Binukid
paa foot, leg; leg (of a table or other furniture)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paʔa the foot and/or leg
Mansaka
paa thigh
Klata
paʔo thigh
Mapun
paa thigh
Yakan
paʔa thigh
Tboli
haha thigh of person or animal; lap of a person
Tausug
paa thigh
Tatana
poo thigh
Tombonuwo
paa thigh, upper leg
Abai Sembuak
faa foot
Kujau
pəə thigh
Minokok
pəəʔ thigh
Murut (Tagol)
paa thigh
Kelabit
paʔeh thigh
Berawan (Long Teru)
paʔah thigh
Dali'
faʔa foot
Kenyah (Long Ikang)
paʔəy thigh
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
paʔa leg
Lahanan
tə-paʔa thigh
Seru
poh thigh
Paku
poʔo leg
Delang
paho thigh
Cham
pha leg
Roglai (Northern)
pha thigh
Moken
paka upper leg, thigh
Malay
paha thigh; quarter; ham (of animal)
paha belalaŋ upper leg of grasshopper; fig. for safety pin; curve of a perfect thigh
Sundanese
paha thigh, upper leg
Balinese
paha thigh
Sasak
pa thigh
Mongondow
paa thigh; hip; buttock
Totoli
paa thigh
Boano
paʔa thigh
Bare'e
paʔa thigh, upper leg
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*paqa thigh
Wolio
paa thigh; quarter (of a carcass)
paa-na ŋkaboro grasshopper’s thighs (said of a very thin person)
Muna
fagha thigh
CMP Manggarai
paʔa thigh
Rembong
paʔa thigh
Ngadha
paa upper leg, thigh
Fordata
faa-n calf of the leg
OC Lakalai
la vaha- leg, foot
Watut
faga- leg, foot
WMP Muna
fagha stalk of certain trees (coconut, areca) from which grow branches
CMP Ngadha
paa shoot, sprig, sprout
Buruese
paa-n stem, base of trunk; stem, especially of a taro plant
SHWNG Numfor
fa sheath of a palm blossom
OC Kara
paka leaf
Tongan
faʔa lower portion of leaf stalk
Niue
fā stalk of a plant
Samoan
fā stalk, stem of taro, banana, and certain other plants
Rennellese
haʔa stalk, as of taro, banana, papaya; stem, as of flowers
Hawaiian
hā stalk that supports the leaf and aro or sugarcane; layers in a banana stump
OC Tabar
paro to hold
Nggela
valo to rob openly, take and keep, refuse to return
Pohnpeian
parok (< *paqaRok-i) to catch something animate; to arrest
Tongan
faʔao to seize and take by force; to confiscate
Samoan
fao snatch, grab; rob
Rennellese
haʔao to take, capture, snatch, rob
Hawaiian
hao to scoop or pick up; to grasp, pillage, plunder; robber (Formosan only)
Formosan Saisiyat
pæʔzoʔ gall, gall bladder
Bunun
paqav gall, gall bladder
Tsou
pau gall, gall bladder
Proto-Rukai
*pago gall, gall bladder
WMP Isneg
palʔíŋ <M strabismus
Maranao
paliŋ one-eyed person, one who has impaired vision
Tiruray
faliŋ blinded in one eye because of wounds from fighting (refers to animals only)
WMP Itbayaten
paet hole-boring tool which was used a long time ago
Ilokano
paét -an, i-, mai- chisel
Isneg
apāt a chisel made of iron throughout, without a wooden handle
Bontok
paə́t chisel (said to < Ilokano)
Ifugaw
paót mum-, -in-, <in> -an wood carving; chisels used for carving
Kapampangan
pat chisel (for woodworking)
Tagalog
paʔít chisel (in carpentry)
Mapun
paat -an, -un chisel
Kelabit
paʔet chisel
Iban
pat tapping knife, gouge, chisel
pat getah tapping knife for rubber latex
Jarai
phaʔ chisel (for carpentry)
Rhade
phat to chisel
Malay
pahat chisel; gouge; punch
Gayō
pāt chisel
Simalur
paeʔ chisel
mam-paeʔ to chisel something
Karo Batak
pahat chisel
mahat to chisel, work with a chisel
Nias
fahõ chisel
mamahõ to chisel, work with a chisel
Balinese
pahet chisel
mahet -ang, -in cut with a chisel, hew
Sasak
pat a chisel
ŋe-pat to chisel
Tontemboan
pa-paʔat a chisel
maʔat ~ ma-paʔat to chisel
Bare'e
paʔat-i a chisel
nda-paʔat-i chiseled, chiseled out
Tae'
paʔ a chisel
paʔ-i chisel out, gouge a hole with a chisel; carving done with a chisel
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*paqoQ chisel
Makassarese
paʔ a chisel
OC Rennellese
haʔo chisel; to chisel; holes for lashings in a canoe
Formosan Saisiyat
pæʔis hot (taste)
Kanakanabu
ma-páʔici sour
páʔici millet or rice beer
raa-paʔi-paʔíca acid fluid which comes up from the stomach
WMP Itbayaten
payit idea of saltiness
Ivatan (Isamorong)
payit salty
Ilokano
paít bile, used in cooking; bitterness, bitter taste
Isneg
na-pét bitter
Itawis
pet hotness, pungency, spiciness
na-pét hot, pungent, spicy
Kankanaey
men-paít bitter
Ifugaw
paít sourness; mostly applied to fruits that are not yet ripe
Ifugaw (Batad)
pāit the austere taste of old wine, ginger, salt, onion, garlic, red pepper, lemon, tobacco; of the stinging sensation of smoke
Ibaloy
pait sourness (as of unripe orange); bitter taste, saltiness; also describes the taste of good coffee or rice wine
em-pait sour, bitter, salt
Ilongot
paʔit bitter
Pangasinan
paít bitter tasting
am-paít bitter
Kapampangan
paʔít bitter
Tagalog
paʔít bitterness; bitter taste; bitterness in the moral sense; harshness, disagreeableness
Bikol
mag-paʔít to become bitter
ka-paʔit-án bitterness
Hanunóo
paʔít bitterness
Aklanon
paʔít bitterness
Kalamian Tagbanwa
pakit bitter
Agutaynen
pakit bitter taste; bitterness
Hiligaynon
paʔít bitterness
Cebuano
paʔít bitter in taste, bitter in situation
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paʔit bitter; produce a bitter taste in someone’s mouth
Mansaka
pait bitter (of food, medicine)
Mapun
pait bitter
Yakan
paʔit bitter, over salted, too salty
Tboli
héét bitter, salty
Bilaan (Sarangani)
feʔet bitter
Tausug
pait bitterness
Bisaya (Lotud)
o-poʔit bitter
Tombonuwo
o-pait bitter
Murut (Paluan)
a-pait bitter
Abai Sembuak
fait bitter
Murut (Tagol)
a-pait bitter
Tingalan (West)
a-pait bitter
Basap
pait bitter
Kelabit
paʔit bitter
Kenyah
faʔij bitter
Bintulu
paʔit bitter
Malagasy
faitra bitterness, as the taste of quinine
Iban
pait bitter
daun pait wild leaf used as flavoring in cooking
Jarai
phiʔ bitter (in taste)
Rhade
phiʔ bitter
Roglai (Northern)
phi:ʔ bitter
Moken
pakèt bitter
Malay
pahit bitter, bitterness, a bitter drink
Toba Batak
pait bitter
Sundanese
paʔit bitter
Old Javanese
pahit bitter, (of sea water) salt
Javanese
pahit ~ pait bitter
Balinese
pahit kind of tree with small round fruit used as medicine
Sasak
pait bitter
Boano
paʔit bitter
Balaesang
peit bitter
Makassarese
paiʔ gall; bitter; difficult
Muna
paghi bitter (as papaya leaves)
Chamorro
faʔet salty
CMP Bimanese
paʔi bitter (as taste); difficult (as one’s life)
Komodo
paiʔ bitter
Manggarai
paʔit bitter (of taste), difficult (of situations)
Lamaholot
pait bitter
Kédang
peiʔ bitter
Kambera
paita bitter
mbàru paita bitter salty, too salty, of food
Formosan Bunun (Isbukun)
ma-pais bitter
Kanakanabu
ma-paʔíci sour
WMP Agta (Central Cagayan)
mapet bitter
Umiray Dumaget
ma-pit bitter
Kapampangan
ma-paʔít bitter
Tagalog
ma-paʔít bitter
Bikol
ma-paʔít bitter, acrid
Hanunóo
ma-paʔít bitter, referring to taste
Aklanon
ma-paʔít bitter
Agutaynen
ma-pakit bitter
Hiligaynon
ma-paʔít bitter
Palawan Batak
mapáʔit bitter
Mamanwa
mapaʔit bitter
Maranao
ma-paʔit bitter; hard, difficult
Binukid
ma-pait bitter (in taste); bitter, hard to accept (situation, happening, etc.)
Kalagan
ma-pait bitter
Tausug
ma-pait bitter (as medicine)
Malagasy
ma-faitra bitter, brackish, disagreeable
Old Javanese
a-pahit bitter
Sangir
ma-paiʔ bitter; sour
Mongondow
mo-paʔit bitter
Uma
mo-paiʔ bitter
Bare'e
ma-paʔi bitter
Tae'
ma-paiʔ bitter (as palm wine, certain fish, etc.)
Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
*mo-paqiQ bitter
Mori Bawah
mo-paʔi bitter
Wolio
ma-paʔi bitter
OC Gilbertese
mai sourness, acidity
WMP Ilokano
paít-an Lunasia amara plant
Tagalog
paʔit-án to make bitter
Bikol
paʔit-án develop a bitter taste
Maranao
paʔit-an kind of bitter banana
Mansaka
pait-an a plant: Lunasia amara Blco. (Madulid 2001)
WMP Kelabit
paʔid duster, mop, anything used to wipe; accidental wiping
Totoli
paid to wipe
Boano
paʔid to wipe
WMP Kelabit
maʔid to wipe
Mongondow
mo-maʔid brush or scrape dirt or mud off the feet or hands
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
páis to cook (a method of cooking small fish or shrimp, wrapping them in a banana leaf and cooking them in water, or laying them directly on the coals)
Tagalog
páʔis fish or meat roasted or broiled and wrapped in leaves; steamed or boiled fish, usually small, wrapped in leaves, esp. banana leaves
Maranao
paʔis wrap in green leaf and roast
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paʔis the process of preparing sweet potato by grating it, wrapping it in leaves, and roasting it in a hole with a fire on top
Iban
pais food, esp. fish, cooked in green leaves or bamboo
pais ikan fish so cooked
Malay
pais spiced fish cooked in banana leaf
Old Javanese
pes-an ~ pe(s)pes-an food cooked and broiled in leaves (esp. fish)
Javanese
pè-pès-an banana-leaf-wrapped food roasted over hot coals
mè-pès to prepare food in this way
WMP Tagalog
p<in>áʔis fish or meat roasted or broiled and wrapped in leaves; steamed or boiled fish, usually small, wrapped in leaves, esp. banana leaves
Old Javanese
p<in>es to cook as pespesan
WMP Hanunóo
paʔít small white freshwater fish with a bitter taste; hence its name (< paʔít 'bitterness')
Maranao
paʔit fish of Cyprinid family (from bitter taste)
Binukid
paít kind of small fish
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paʔit a small fish
Mansaka
pait kind of freshwater fish
Tiruray
faʔit the various barbs (Cyprinidae) spp.
Tboli
hait minnow, a certain freshwater fish
Dumpas
pait fish
Tombonuwo
pait fish
Ida'an Begak
pait fish
Kelabit
paʔit kind of small fish
Kayan
paʔit species of tebaring fish found near small river rapids
Iban
pait freshwater fish: Puntius sp.
Toba Batak
si-paet-an fish sp.
Sasak
pait ~ pepait small, silvery river fish
Chamorro
fa-faʔet a snapper: Lutjanus gibbus
OC Nduke
vaɣo a large perennial herb with banana-like leaves: Heliconia salomonensis
Marovo
vaɣo tree sp. with large banana-like leaves: Heliconia
Nggela
vao wild banana
vao-vao species of shrub with large leaves
Mota
vao a heliconium
Wayan
vā-vā tree taxon, probably Heliconis sp.; tall banana-like herb
Fijian
vao a plant: Bleekeria elliptica
Formosan Amis
paʔpaʔ chew; the action of the jaws and teeth in chewing
WMP Aklanon
paʔpáʔ to chew thoroughly
Cebuano
páʔpaʔ bite something or grab it with the teeth without tearing or wounding
Maranao
papaʔ bite, chew
Mapun
mapaʔ to chew
papaʔ-un to chew
ka-papaʔ-an for one’s teeth to be able to chew
Kadazan Dusun
papaʔ to feed a child mouth to mouth
Sasak
papaʔ premasticate rice for newborn child
WMP Old Javanese
papah the long stalk of a palm or banana leaf
Javanese
papah center stalk of palm, banana, etc.
Balinese
papah the young or green leaf of a coconut or palm tree; the sheath of a leaf
OC Arosi
haha-na frond of a palm, branch of a plant or tree that is not an ‘ai, as sago palm, coconut, cycad, screw palm
WMP Ilokano
paúd strings that attach the warp to the weaver, when weaving without a loom
Tagalog
paʔód yoke (for oxen, carabao, etc.)
Cebuano
paúd put something against or over something hard to steady it; press something against something hard with one’s weight; presss part of the body against something
Iban
paut pull towards oneself, take a share of, tug at, draw paddle towards boat; include
Malay
pahut ~ paut drag inward; carching on to anything and pulling; clinging and pulling, as a boatman using a boathook, a canoeist digging his canoe perpendicularly into water and turning the canoe with a pull, a man clinging to a plank, a wrestler tugging at his opponent, dragging a third party into a discussion to make it still livelier
CMP Ngadha
paʔu to tie, bind
OC Lukep
pau to tie
Sobei
fau to tie
Raga
vau-hi to tie, bind
Fijian
vau-ca to tie, bind
Tongan
faʔu to bind (the head); headband or turban
Rennellese
haʔu to tie, lash, as sennit
WMP Ilokano
pára the sprouting embryo of the coconut, before the cotyledon appears
Pangasinan
pála coconut pith
Makassarese
para germ of the coconut that remains in the nut and later sprouts
Wolio
para coconut embryo
OC Wuvulu
faxa coconut pith; brain
Label
hara-i sprouting tissue of a coconut
Sinaugoro
fara brain; inner part of coconut
Nggela
vara a fallen coconut beginning to grow and showing leaf
Pohnpeian
pahr spongy center of a sprouting coconut; par to sprout, of coconuts
Woleaian
fara copra sponge, copra meat
Mota
vara the shoot, plumule, of the cocoanut, as it forms first within the nut, afterwards when it shoots outside, and finally as growing up from the radicle
Lonwolwol
vaː spongy kernel of a mature coconut (which is rich in oil, and nourishing)
North Ambrym
var spongy kernel of a mature coconut
Southeast Ambrym
hal center of coconut
Rotuman
hara to sprout (coconut)
Fijian
vara spongy flesh in the kernel of a coconut before it shoots; a coconut in this stage or just shooting
WMP Bikol
pára- verbal affix, repetitive action series, infinitive-command form, used in combination with the intensive series affix pag- and verbs taking mag-, -on, i-, and -an in the regular series; magpara-bisíta repeatedly visit
Muna
para- verbal prefix on verbal bases; a-class, amenable to -um-, intransitive. Meaning: iterativity in combination with habituality. In some cases the emphasis is on the variety of the implied objects; no-para-toŋka vomit repeatedly
WMP Cebuano
palaʔ-palaʔ horizontal trellis for plants to grow on
Makassarese
para-para trellis for tendrils to creep up
WMP Ilokano
paráw a sailing vessel much larger than the biráy
Casiguran Dumagat
paraw large sailing vessel
Iban
perauʔ boat (without close or full deck, as opp. to kapal)
Malay
perahu undecked native ship. Etymologically the padao or parao of the Malabar coast, in contr. to the decked kapal
Toba Batak
parau boat, ship
Sundanese
parahu sloop, boat
Old Javanese
parahu boat
CMP Ngadha
barau boat, sail boat
Rotinese
pau boat, ship
OC Tolai
parau boat, ship; foreign, European, brought from overseas in a ship
Nehan
parau boat
OC Nauna
paral thunderclap
Nali
palan thunder
Leipon
perer thunderclap
Wuvulu
paxaxa thunderclap
Tanga
pā thunder
Label
parar thunder
Mokilese
palar thunder, thunder and lightning; to thunder
Hawaiian
palala (length unexpl.) a low or rumbling sound
WMP Itbayaten
ma-maras to cut hay, leaves, or other plants for feeding animals
p<in>aras hay or food cut out or obtained by cutting (as of sweet potato vine, banana tree); hay to be given to cows, etc.; leaves of papaya or sweet potato to be given to pigs
Tagalog
palás lopped off; levelled
Ngaju Dayak
paras smooth, even, level
Malagasy
fara scraped, scratched, smoothed
Iban
paras trim, cut even or smooth
Malay
paras trimming off asperities
me-maras to smooth
Karo Batak
paras castrate
Sundanese
paras shave off
Old Javanese
paras that which is trimmed by shaving (hair, eyebrow); razor; to shave (trim) the eyebrows
Sasak
paras shave off the eyebrows
WMP Maranao
paras face, looks, appearance
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paras the appearance or countenance of a person
Tiruray
falas color, form, appearance; a face
Tboli
halas appearance
Iban
paras shape of the face, features
Malay
paras good looks; appearance; handsomeness
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
palásan species of rattan used for tying fences because it lasts longer than other types of rattan exposed to wind and dampness
Tagalog
palásan thick rattan used in making canes and furniture
Hanunóo
parásan a tall, mature type of rattan
Mansaka
parasan a kind of rattan (the largest type)
WMP Tagalog
paláwan large plant with stout trunk, found in ravines along streams, but also cultivated for its edible corms or as ornamental plant; has big, hastate leaves, large, stout petioles, and large rootstocks which are edible: Cyrtosperma merkush Schott.
Iban
perawan generic for ‘red meranti’ hardwood trees (Shorea spp.), as well as softwoods
Malay
pərawan a tree: Hopea spp.
WMP Yami
parek murky, as water
Itbayaten
parek wine, liquor, sugarcane wine
Ilokano
párek dregs of liquors
Bikol
parók residue, silt; sediment brought up in turbulent water; dregs left at the bottom of casks or other containers of wine or other liquor
WMP Yami
ma-parek very murky, as water
Bikol
ma-parók having a sediment, residue
WMP Dairi-Pakpak Batak
perlak enclosed garden, orchard; fruit orchard
Old Javanese
parlak dry rice field
Tae'
paʔlak cultivated field, garden
Buginese
pallaʔ enclosed garden, orchard
Makassarese
parallakk-eŋ farmyard, compound
OC Roviana
vari wood rasp
Nggela
pali rub one thing against another
Fijian
vari-a scale a fish; scratch
OC Motu
hari-a to divide, give away
Bugotu
vari heir, heritage; to inherit
Nggela
vari an heir
WMP Ilokano
pariá Momordica charantia L. A vine with yellow flowers. Its young shoots and leaves and its fruits are edible
Isneg
pariyá vine with yellow flowers and oblong, cylindric, ribbed rugose fruits, pointed at both ends: Momordica charantia L.
Kankanaey
paliá Momordica balsamina L. A slender vine with yellow flowers and rough, elongated, bitter edible fruits
Pangasinan
palyá bitter melon
Cebuano
paliyá, palíya widely cultivated vine producing an elongated fruit with wart-like skin, eaten unripe as a vegetable, having a bitter taste, Momordica charantia
Iban
periaʔ bitter gourd Momordica charantia L., a yellow-white pointed cucumber with lumpy skin, eaten raw or cooked
Malay
peria a gourd proverbial for its bitter taste: Momordica charantia
Tae'
paria climbing plant with bitter cucumber-like fruit used as a vegetable
WMP Tausug
paliyama a good or abundant harvest
Ngaju Dayak
pariama taboo word for "star"
Karo Batak
bintaŋ pariama the Seven Sisters, Pleiades
Toba Batak
pariama Pleiades
Sangir
pahiama, pohiama a constellation: the Seven Sisters, Pleiades
Mongondow
pariama the Seven Sisters (constellation)
Kaidipang
puhiama season for planting rice or other crops, as shown by the position of the stars
Tae'
pariama name of a constellation
WMP Maranao
pariaʔ succulent vegetable with quinine bitter taste: Momordica charantia L.
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
periaʔ a plant the leaves and fruit of which are eaten as a vegetable. The fruit is very bitter, but relished: Momordica charantia
Tiruray
feriyaʔ a vine, Trichosanthes quinquangulata A. Grey, Momordica charantia L.
Uma
pariaʔ vine with bitter fruit eaten as a vegetable: Momordica charantia
WMP Iban
parit ditch, drain
Maloh
parék (é unexpl.) ditch, canal
Malay
parit groove, cutting, drain; ditch or open moat
Karo Batak
parik ditch, furrow, canal
Toba Batak
parik embankment, earthen wall
Nias
fari excavated conduit; embankment
Javanese
palir furrow, gully, channel
WMP Iban
parit ditch, drain
Maloh
parék (é unexpl.) ditch, canal
Malay
parit groove, cutting, drain; ditch or open moat
Karo Batak
parik ditch, furrow, canal
Toba Batak
parik embankment, earthen wall
Nias
fari excavated conduit; embankment
Javanese
palir furrow, gully, channel
Formosan Paiwan
pariuk wok, large, round-bottomed metal pan for cooking
WMP Ilokano
pariók an iron pan with a round bottom and a short iron handle in the shape of a socket
Kankanaey
paliók iron pan with rounded bottom and short round handle
Ifugaw
palyúk broad iron pot
Tagalog
palayók, palyók earthen pot for cooking
Iban
periok cooking pot, saucepan
Malay
periok pot (usually of earthenware) for boiling rice
Sundanese
pariuk earthen pot or pan for cooking
CMP Buruese
pariu-t cooking pot
OC Lau
faro scraper for grating yams
Fijian
varo to file, saw, or rasp
Maori
wharo, wha-wharo, wharo-wharo to scrape
WMP Cebuano
palpál for the feet to get flat; flat, of feet
palpal-ún somewhat flat-footed
Iban
papar cut smooth (with adze, etc.)
WMP Ida'an Begak
parud scrape
Ngaju Dayak
ma-marut to rub (body parts, as to relieve pain)
Iban
parut grater, rasp; to grate
Malay
parut coconut grater, rasp; a piece of hard wood with a rough surface
mə-marut to rasp coconuts
Sundanese
parud a rasp
marud to rasp or grate
Javanese
parud grater
marud to grate
parud-an having been grated
Balinese
parud a rasp, file
parud-an filings, what has been rasped or filed
Sasak
parut a rasp, file
mə-marut to rasp, grate
Tae'
paruʔ to rasp, grate
pə-paruʔ a rasp, grater
CMP Rembong
parut to grate (as coconuts)
Rotinese
palu to grate (coconuts)
WMP Tagalog
pag- prefix forming verbal nouns: act of. 1. Followed by the simple root word if derived from an um verb, as um-alis 'to depart': pag-alis 'departure'. 2. Followed by the root word with the first syllable reduplicated, if derived from a mag- verb, as mag-alis 'to remove', pag-a-alis 'removal, act of removing'
Bikol
pag- nominal affix: abot 'arrive', pag-abot 'arrival'
Kadazan Dusun
pog- nominal affix: mog-odu 'to rebuke', pog-odu 'a rebuke'
Bahasa Indonesia
per- The prefix per- replaces the prefix ber- of verbs and adjectives, and so forms a noun indicating the person or instrument performing the action referred to by that verb, or possessing the quality referred to by that adjective (Macdonald and Soenjono 1967:99)
Toba Batak
par- Substantives with the prefix par- do occur without there being a corresponding verb with the prefix mar-. These substantives are derived from substantives that have a preposition before them, or from those that, with a preposition, function as adverbs ... These substantives rather represent a person and, therefore, can also be formed from intransitive verbs (van der Tuuk 1971:186)
WMP Murut (Timugon)
pag- ... -an occurs with verbs which are inflected with mag-₁, mag-₂, and man- in the subject focus (Prentice 1971:140)
Bahasa Indonesia
per- ... -an in a few cases per- replaces ber- in verbs and combines with the suffix -an to form nouns referring to the process of the action referred to by the verb; occasionally the noun refers to the place where the action is performed (Soenjono and Macdonald 1967:100)
Toba Batak
par- + N + -an makes nouns of place (Nababan 1981:95)
Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw)
paR- X -(en) do X times (X = numeral)
WMP Bikol
pag- X -(on) divide into X; send X at a time (X = numeral)
Malay
per-dua half
sa per-tiga-an one third (i.e. one part of something divided into three equal parts)
Karo Batak
per-dua divide into two
WMP Malay
para collective prefix implying a certain parity (used before nouns to indicate collectivities of persons sharing some vocational or other feature
Acehnese
para horde, troop
Old Javanese
para a personal demonstrative particle for a number of persons belonging to the same category
Makassarese
para all, both (in composite expressions)
SHWNG Buli
fa- plural or collective prefix on verbs
Formosan Atayal
paga the stand used for the heads taken in headhunting
WMP Yami
pala shelf above the oven that is used to dry wood
Itbayaten
paya place above the stove where firewood is kept dry
Isneg
páxa the central shelf of the three that are fixed over the hearth (used for storing bundles of rice that have to be dried before pounding)
Ifugaw
palá attic of an Ifugaw house in which rice bundles (and some other things) are stored
Pangasinan
pála place for storing pillows and mats
Tagalog
pága storage loft made of bamboo attached to ceiling
Bikol
pága storage loft made from bamboo, attached to the ceiling just above the stove, usually used for storing firewood
Hanunóo
pága shelf
Cebuano
pága shelf put above the stove; platform built close to the roof forming a loft, but not extending the entire length of the house
Maranao
paga attic
Mansaka
paga place where kitchen utensils are kept
Tboli
hala suspended platform above the firetable, used to dry wood, corn, tobacco, etc.
Berawan (Long Terawan)
pakkih storage shelf above the hearth
Kenyah (Long Anap)
paa storage rack for firewood above the hearth
Kayan
pahaʔ rack above the hearth for storing firewood
Wahau
pəhaʔ drying rack above the hearth
Kelai
phaʔ drying rack above the hearth
Mei Lan Modang
pəhaʔ drying rack above the hearth
Woq Helaq Modang
pəhaʔ drying rack above the hearth
Ngaju Dayak
pahe shelf over the hearth where firewood is placed to dry
Iban
para frame or rack over a hearth for drying or preserving things laid on it; platform for felling large trees; hide or machan for hunter in tree
Malay
para shelf or framework built over the fireplace as a receptable for cooking pots; any shelf-like upper apartment in a Malay house, serving as an attic or home for a young girl during her seclusion
Acehnese
para attic, loft (under the ceiling)
Karo Batak
para name for various racks above the fireplace (where husked rice is kept dry, cooking pots are stored, firewood is kept, etc.)
Sundanese
para attic, loft (used for storage)
Sasak
para shelf over the hearth
Sangir
paha rack used in drying copra, or in the kitchen above the hearth on which fish is smoked, etc.
Tae'
para the slanting upper portion of the front and rear facades of a house
Makassarese (Bantaeng)
para attic, loft
Wolio
paa attic, bay at the side of a house, on higher level than the floor
paa ombu smoking rack over kitchen fire
CMP Rembong
para uppermost floor of a house
Buruese
paha bamboo rack
SHWNG Waropen
ara storage rack above the hearth; loft
OC Nauna
pay shelf above the hearth for storing food, betel, etc., but not firewood
Loniu
pay smoking rack for fish and storage rack above the hearth
Nali
pay shelf above the hearth for storing firewood, etc.
Kele
pay pay
Levei
pwa shelf above the hearth for storing firewood, etc.
Mailu
wara table for smoking fish
Motu
hara platform of sticks on which meat is grilled; a gridiron
Cheke Holo
fara bamboo or wooden storage shelf, often located above a stone oven
Kwaio
bala racks in house for drying wood, etc.
'Āre'āre
para small platform, mostly above the fireplace, used as a depository
WMP Maranao
paga-paga attic-like garret
Malagasy
fara-fara bedstead; stone shelves in native tombs on which corpses are laid
Malay
para-para shelf or framework built over the fireplace as a receptacle for cooking-pots
Toba Batak
para-para wooden rack that in a Batak house runs from the door around the entire house
Tae'
para-para rack in a house where eating utensils are put
Makassarese
para-para grill on which a cooking pot is set
Wolio
paa-paa small bay at the side of a house, used for storage
CMP Rembong (Waru-Kia)
para-para uppermost floor of a house
CMP Rembong
para mutual, reciprocal
OC Tolai
wara reciprocal prefix used with verbs, e.g. kul 'to pay', wara-kul 'to pay each other'; this word often becomes wari- before r, e.g. wari-rap
WMP Bontok
pagáda the handle of the wásay axe
Kankanaey
pagáda handle (of an ax)
OC Duke of York
warara handle of a stone club or adze
Gedaged
pazaz handle (of a broom, hammer, but not of cups, etc.)
Motu
parara handle (given only in the English index)
Roviana
varara wooden handle, as of an axe, etc.
Nggela
valala handle; cross handle of an adze
Sa'a
halala to helve an axe
Puluwat
paar, pera-n handle, as of knife or saw
Woleaian
pash, pasha that part of a utensil or tool which is to be held with the hand
Lonwolwol
verɛ- handle of -
WMP Kankanaey
pagáek hoarse
Tagalog
pagák hoarse and broken (said of the voice)
Buginese
paraʔ hoarse
OC Tongan
fā hoarse, of the voice
Samoan
fā hoarse, husky
Rarotongan
ʔā hoarse, husky
Hawaiian
hā hoarse, hoarseness
OC Arosi
hara to swell, of the body; become hard and round, of a swelling
Bauro
hara a boil
Tongan
fā blister
Samoan
mata-fā boils on the face (Pratt 1984)
OC Takia
-par step, pace, tread on
Nehan
paraha put foot against something, place foot firmly
Nggela
pala-pala a ladder, steps into a house
Chuukese
fǣt-i to kick (something)
Mota
vara to tread, stamp, walk; to measure by feet
varas to stamp for something; to trample on; to trample to death, as intruders in a gamal (men’s house)
Raga
vara step
varah-i step heavily, stamp (in dance, etc.); tread on, step in, straddle
Naman
veres step on
Fijian
vā to tread softly
vā-ca to tread softly on something
WMP Casiguran Dumagat
pagátpat uncultivated tree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia acida (wood used for house posts)
Tagalog
pagátpat tree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia caseolaris (Merrill 1954)
Bikol
pagatpát tree producing a wood suitable for house posts: Sonneratia alba
Aklanon
pagátpat a tree: Sonneratia caseolaris (Linn.)
Cebuano
pagátpat tree of mangrove swamps: Sonneratia caseolaris and acida
Makassarese
parappaʔ a tree with a fruit shaped like an apple: Sonneratia oborata
Formosan Kavalan
paraw hoarse
WMP Itbayaten
ma-payaw hoarse
Ilokano
páraw hoarse
Isneg
págaw hoarse
Itawis
páhaw hoarseness
Ayta Abellan
payo hoarse
Tagalog
págaw hoarseness of voice
pagáw hoarse
Hanunóo
pagáw hoarseness
Cebuano
pagáw hoarse, become hoarse
Maranao
pagaw hoarse voice
Kayan
pahau hoarse, of voice
Iban
parau hoarse
Malay
parau hoarseness due to overmuch talking or shouting or to a cold (not of voice naturally harsh)
Acehnese
paro hoarse
Simalur
halo hoarse
Chamorro
a-fagao hoarse
WMP Ilokano
parbó the four rafters that meet the solókan (hip rafters) at their upper end, near the ridge of the roof
Hanunóo
pagbú one of the four principal rafters, frequently of bamboo, used in the Hanuno'o construction of a house roof
Aklanon
págbo beam, girder (supporting roof)
WMP Iban
perepat a tree: Sonneratia caseolaris (L.)
Malay
perepat a sea-shore tree: Sonneratia griffithii and S. acida
Proto-Sangiric
*paRəpat mangrove
Sangir
pahepaʔ a shore tree, the mangrove: Rhizophora conjugata
Mongondow
pogopat kind of ironwood tree: Metrosideros vera
OC Lakalai
vali to cut, as wood or a leaf, from a tree; remove all the limbs from a tree
'Āre'āre
hari lop off branches, cut off a bunch of bananas, betelnuts
Sa'a
hali lop off branches
Arosi
hari tear, tear off, pull off a cluster of fruit
Rotuman
fai cut or chop down (a tree or branch)
SHWNG Buli
fa- prefix used for the reciprocal form of a verb
fa-, fai- prefix which indicates that the action concerns a plural subject; with nouns it also forms collectives (e.g. rama 'sister', fa-rama-u 'sisters')
OC Mussau
ai- reciprocal or collective action (possibly fossilized in ai-obi 'fight', ai-ora 'copulate')
Label
war- reciprocal prefix
Cheke Holo
fari- reciprocal prefix; simultaneously, mutually (e.g. fari-gamu 'eat together')
Bugotu
vari- prefix denoting reciprocity
Arosi
hari- reciprocal prefix generally having the force of united action, rather than mutual action
Gilbertese
ai- prefix to some words having the meaning of reciprocity; ex., hit one another, look at each other, follow one another, etc.
Woleaian
fe- reciprocal prefix, attached to ŋal 'to' and taŋ 'away from'
Mota
var- prefix, 1. of reciprocity, 2. of plurality (e.g. children crying all together)
Rotuman
hai- prefix forming reciprocal verbs
Fijian
vei- a prefix. Added to nouns it forms a collective plural (vale 'house', vei-vale 'a group of houses'). Added to verbs it makes reciprocals. It may also be added to names of relationships to produce a reciprocal sense: vei-taci-ni 'brother and sister', the taci relationship
Tongan
fe- the so-called reciprocal prefix... It may be: (a) actional, (b) habituative, (c) invigorative, (d) accelerative, (e) communal, indicating united or simultaneous action, (f) collaborative, (g) reciprocal, (h) competitive, (i) reciprocative, meaning hither and thither, or in (or to or from) various directions
Samoan
fe- prefix to word-bases, used either alone or in combination with a suffix...(a) when fe- is used without a suffix it may denote the plural...(b) when used in combination with a suffix...fe- may denote (i) the plural, (ii) a reciprocal process, (iii) an action or process carried out here and there, up and down, hither and thither, all around, quickly, etc.
Rennellese
he-...ʔaki common affix indicating reciprocal or plural action
WMP Malay
perigi well, spring
Sundanese
parigi excavated ditch or canal
Old Javanese
parigi low encircling wall of stones (of yard, trees), paved (terraced?) bank or slope (of pond)
Sasak
perigi stone rim (edge, wall); rim of road, pond or well
Proto-Sangiric
*paRigi well
Sangir
pahighi pit, well
Wolio
parigi ditch, moat
Formosan Siraya
pagig stingray
WMP Ilokano
pági kind of ray whose meat is esteemed
Itawis
pági stingray
Casiguran Dumagat
pagí sting ray, genus Dasyatis
Tagalog
pági ray fish
Bikol
pági stingray
Hanunóo
pági sting ray, devil ray, rayfish
Abaknon
pahi stingray
Aklanon
pági ray, ray fish
Cebuano
pági general term for rays
Maranao
pagi stingray
Bintulu
pai stingray
Melanau (Mukah)
pai stingray
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)
pay stingray
Ngaju Dayak
pahi stingray (skin used as a rasp or grater, and in polishing rough surfaces)
Malagasy
fai kind of fish with a rough skin; rough
Iban
pariʔ skate; ray. Generic for sting-rays (Trygonidae), electric rays (Torpedinae), and eagle-rays (Myliobatidae)
bintaŋ pari Southern Cross (constellation)
kikir pari skate-skin grater
Malay
bintaŋ pari a constellation, the Southern Cross
Acehnese
paròë stingray
bintaŋ paròë a constellation, the Southern Cross
Simalur
hali stingray
bintun hali a constellation, the Southern Cross
Karo Batak
pari stingray
Javanese
pe stingray
Balinese
pahi a species of shark
Sasak
pai, pari stingray
Proto-Minahasan
*pahi ray fish
Mongondow
pagi stingray; also a constellation: the Stingray
Gorontalo
pahi kind of marine fish with skin like sandpaper
Kaidipang
pagi stingray
Buginese
pari stingray
CMP Bimanese
fai stingray
Ngadha
pari sawfish
Sika
pari fish a fathom long
Kambera
pari stingray
Rotinese
hai stingray
Selaru
ar stingray
Yamdena
fari kind of ray fish; the constellation Scorpio
Fordata
fari stingray; the constellation Scorpio
Kei
fār stingray; the constellation Scorpio
Seit
ali stingray
Soboyo
ahi stingray
SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai
far stingray
Sawai
fa stingray
Buli
fā stingray
Mayá
ꞌfa³ stingray
OC Nali
pey stingray
Ahus
pay the smallest kind of stingray
Kele
pei stingray
Levei
pep stingray
Lindrou
bey stingray
Bipi
pay stingray
Wuvulu
pai stingray
Mendak
wa stingray
Tanga
fe stingray
Label
war stingray
Kove
pali stingray
Gedaged
paz stingray
Gitua
par stingray
Kilivila
vai stingray
Molima
vali stingray
Takuu
hai stingray
Cheke Holo
vali stingray
Nggela
vali a species of fish, ray, skate
Lau
fali stingray
'Āre'āre
hari stingray
Sa'a
hali stingray
Arosi
hari stingray
Gilbertese
bai-manu giant ray, manta ray (Polynesian loan)
Puluwat
fáári-yáp kind of large but harmless ray fish
fáyi ray fish
Woleaian
fai-ya file (a tool); rayfish (general term)
Mota
var, vari stingray
Vatrata
ver stingray
Mosina
ver stingray
Merig
ver stingray
Piamatsina
vari stingray
Peterara
vari stingray
Atchin
ni-va stingray
Lingarak
ne-va stingray
Axamb
ni-ve stingray
Maxbaxo
ni-ve stingray
Bonkovia
vi stingray
Pwele
fai stingray
Lelepa
pai stingray
Efate (South)
fai stingray
Canala
pe stingray
Rotuman
hai stingray
Fijian
vai a ray or skate, Raiidae; also a string figure
Tongan
fai skate or sting-ray
fai kili kind of skate or sting-ray with very hard, rough skin from which rasps are made
Samoan
fai sting-ray, Dasyatis sp.
Rennellese
hai general for rays and skate-like fishes
Maori
whai Dasyatis brevicaudatus, sting-ray and Raja nasuta, skate
te whai a titipa the "coalsack", a dark spot near the Southern Cross; cat's-cradle; play at cat's-cradle
WMP Tagalog
pali-manók Javan cow-nosed ray
OC Kwaio
fali-manu manta ray
'Āre'āre
hari-manu big ray fish
Tongan
fai-manu kind of skate or sting-ray
Kapingamarangi
hai-manu fish sp.: bar ray
Hawaiian
hī-hī-manu various stingrays (Dasyatidae) and eagle rays (Myliobatidae) (with assimilation of *hai-hai to hī-hī).
OC Nggela
valo pierce a hole in a porpoise tooth, so as to string it
Kwaio
falo drill a hole
falo-falo a drill
'Āre'āre
haro pierce, bore, drill
Sa'a
halo bore into with circular motion, as feet into sand; twist a stick in making a hole; the flint point of a drill, haro mao
Nukuoro
hao drill through, burrow
hao-ŋa a hole in something
Maori
whao perforate, chisel out
OC Nggela
valo rob openly, take and keep, refuse to return, an open act, unlike gito, steal
valo-valo to rob
Samoan
fao snatch, seize, grab; rob (of belongings, money, spouse)
Hawaiian
hao scoop or pick up; grasp, pillage, plunder; robber
WMP Ilokano
párut pull up, grub up, uproot, pluck up by the roots, pull off, pluck (feathers, hair, etc.)
Ifugaw
pálut pull out grass, weeds, small plants including the roots
Pangasinan
pálot pull out
Gorontalo
pahuto uproot (plants), unsheathe (weapon)
OC Kwaio
falu remove, pluck
OC Kilivila
pasa swamp
Marshallese
pat swamp
Puluwat
paat swamp
peta-n its swamp
WMP Ilokano
pásaŋ counterpart, match
ag-ka-pásaŋ to form a pair, to match
i-pásaŋ to substitute, give in exchange; transfer; endorse
Maranao
pasaŋ-an set, as of kolintang (gongs) or buttons
Tiruray
fasaŋ-an a set of five Tiruray tuned gongs
Yakan
mag-pasaŋ(-pasaŋ) to be approximately the same size (of people and animals); it is always comparative
Tausug
pasaŋ a pair, set (of material things)
pasaŋ-un to put things together into sets or groups
Kadazan Dusun
pasaŋ pair
ka-pasaŋ suitable as a pair
pi--pasaŋ-on to be put into pairs
sa-pasaŋ one pair
Iban
sa-pasaŋ a pair
Malay
pasaŋ pair; (slang) to couple (kasut sa pasaŋ ‘a pair of boots’)
Acehnese
pasaŋ pair, team, spouse, partner, equal
Simalur
sa-pasaŋ one pair
pasaŋ-an yoke on the neck of a carabao
Karo Batak
pasaŋ a pair; belonging together
si-pasaŋ ras forming a set; in agreement with
Toba Batak
pasaŋ matching, going together
sa-pasaŋ one pair
Nias
sa-fasa a pair
Lampung
pasaŋ pair
sa-pasaŋ one pair
Sundanese
pasaŋ pair, team
sa-pasaŋ one pair
pasaŋ-an yoke for a team of draught animals
Old Javanese
sa-pasaŋ one yoke or pair, one cart
a-pasaŋ-pasaŋ-an arm in arm
pasaŋ-an yoke
Javanese
pasaŋ pair (of shoes, etc.), team (as of draught animals)
pasaŋ-an yoke (for draught animals)
Balinese
pasaŋ pair (of inanimate objects); a distich, a couplet in verse
ha-pasaŋ one pair
pasaŋ-an a couple, pair
Sasak
pasaŋ pair, team (of animals and objects)
sə-pasaŋ one pair
pasaŋ-an one of a pair
Wolio
pasa pair (e.g. of shoes), team (of horses); set; make a pair, match well, be well suited, be alike, be equal
Muna
pasa match, equal, rival; pair (male and female)
pasa-no mbadha marriage partner (lit. ‘match of body’)
po-pasa to pair up (in games)
pasa-e just like, exactly like
CMP Rembong
pasaŋ to match; a pair
Kambera
pahaŋu pair; form a pair; agree or fit with one another
OC Sa'a
hata to go together, to accompany one another
WMP Tagalog
pásaŋ a well-adjusted wedge
mag-pásaŋ to wedge; to put in a wedge
p<um>ásaŋ to go or enter through a narrow passage
Bikol
mag-pásaŋ to fit the head of an axe on the handle by splitting an end of the handle so that it may be wedged tight in the head
Maranao
pasaŋ to aim, as a firearm
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
pasaŋ to place a leaf-bound resin lamp in a holder made of a piece of wood which is partially split so that the lamp may be wedged in it
Malay
pasaŋ putting in use or order or motion, as saddling or harnessing a horse, firing a cannon, hoisting a flag, setting a sail, lighting a lamp, setting up a machine, buttoning, etc.
Gayō
pasaŋ insert
Karo Batak
pasaŋ insert (in a game)
Toba Batak
pasaŋ prepare, use; prepare for use
Javanese
pasaŋ to put in place, set up
WMP Maranao
pasaŋ to bet, as in card game
Javanese
pasaŋ to place a bet
Muna
pasa stake one’s money (in gambling)
WMP Ida'an Begak
pasaŋ sea
Ngaju Dayak
pasaŋ flood tide (opposite of ebb tide)
Malay
pasaŋ tidal flow, in constrast to surut (ebb)
pasaŋ anak neap tide
pasaŋ bah tide causing inundation
pasaŋ bəsar spring tide
Toba Batak
pasaŋ flood tide
Javanese
pasaŋ rising of flood waters
Tae'
pasaŋ flood tide
Formosan Thao
pataqaz shoulder pole (one person, two loads)
mataqaz carry on a shoulder pole
WMP Tagalog
pasán a load or burden on the shoulders; burden; what is carried; a load (of things, care or work in physical or moral sense)
pasan-ín to carry on the shoulder
Bikol
paʔsán carry on the shoulder
Cebuano
pasʔán carry something over the shoulders
Mongondow
mo-motaan carry on the shoulder
potaan-on take it on your shoulder!
Bare'e
mam-pasaʔa carry on the shoulder
CMP Tetun
hasan carry on the shoulders
OC Mendak
pasa a plant: Vitex cofassus
Patpatar
vasara a plant: Vitex cofassus
Lakalai
la-vasa a plant: Vitex cofassus
Marovo
vasara a plant: Vitex cofassus
Nggela
vaha a plant: Vitex cofassus
Lau
fata species of hardwood: Vitex cofassus
Sa'a
hata hardwood tree
Fijian
vasa a plant: Cerbera odollam
Formosan Amis
pacek a nail, nails
mi-pacek to nail, hammer a nail into
Puyuma
pasek nail; hammer in a nail
mi-pasek have a nail in
WMP Itbayaten
pasek nail
i-pask-en dowel, made of tañod (mulberry) tree
Kankanaey
pásek wedge
Ifugaw
páhok wedge used to cleave logs before they can be split and serve as firewood
Bikol
pások wooden peg
mag-pások put something together with such pegs
Maranao
pasek post, pillar
Tombonuwo
pasok pole
Kenyah (Long Anap)
pasək insert something into something else
masək enter
Iban
pasak treenail, dowel, peg, wedge; fix with these
Malay
pasak fastening or tightening with a bolt, peg or wedge
pasak-kan sepatu kuda to shoe a horse
Rejang
pasoʔ nail (metal)
Mori Bawah
paso wooden peg, nail
CMP Komodo
paséʔ to plant (as rice, or bananas)
Manggarai
pacek drive in a stake (in making a fence); to plant, as rice; planted
Ngadha
paso to plant, as rice
Dobel
ʔa-yayi to plant
OC Vitu
vazo ~ vazo-vazo to plant
vazoh-ia to be planted
Gitua
vazok to plant
Motu
hado ~ hado-hado to plant
Gabadi
vago to plant crops
Tawala
wago plant by pushing into the ground; to strike a cutting
Proto-Micronesian
*faSo planted; to plant; a planted thing
Gilbertese
arok-a a plant, cultivated plants
Pohnpeian
pɔd to be planted
pɔdok to plant (something)
Chuukese
fóto planting
Puluwat
fót to plant, insert, pick out, select; to be inserted, selected
Woleaian
fat a plant
fato-gi plant it, put it in place
fato-go plant set aside for a particular purpose, usually for planting at a new taro patch or new garden
Mota
was to drive a hole, make a hole by hammering in some tool, as to drive holes through the plank side-pieces with a shell tool, and lash them to the hull
OC Nggela
vahi-kolu to plant yams
Lau
fasi to plant
'Āre'āre
hasi-a to plant (of food except taro)
Arosi
hasi to plant
hasi-a planted
Fijian
vasi to plant yams in the same ground two or more years in succession
WMP Tagalog
pásig a river that flows into the sea; sandy bank of a river
Cebuano
pasíg shoals, a shallow place in a body of water; for a water-covered area to become shallow
Mansaka
pasíg shallow rocky place in the sea
Iban
pasir sand, sandbank; mudbank
pasir buŋa fine sand
pasir keresik quicksand
Malay
pasir sand; sandy stretch; sand-like
pasir bəlanak sandy sea bottom that holds anchors well (lit. ‘mullet sand’)
pasir panjaŋ stretch of sandy beach
buŋa pasir fine sand particles on still water
ibu pasir gravel, shingle
Acehnese
pasi beach, sand
Old Javanese
pasi-si sea; beach, strand, shore
Balinese
pasih the sea
Totoli
pasig sandbank
Tajio
pasig sandbank
Ampibabo-Lauje
pasig coral reef
Bare'e
pasigi reef, shoal, sandbank
pasigi malulu sea grass
Tae'
pasiʔ sand
batu pasiʔ sandstone
WMP Tagalog
pasig-an sandy bank of a river
Malay
pasir-an sand; sandy stretch; sand-like
Balinese
pasih-pasih-an a small pool, pond
Formosan Kavalan
p<m>aspas to hit with a stick, to strike with a stick or twig
Amis
pacpac beat hard; thresh out; hit with twigs
WMP Bikol
paspás a method of threshing in which the rice is beaten with sticks
WMP Yami
paspas remove dirt; remove bad luck
Itbayaten
pa-paspas-en to shake something so that dirt or something inserted comes out
Ifugaw
pahpá(h) to purify, cleanse; applied to wounds
Tagalog
pag-pa-paspás dusting (by sweeping, fanning or flicking action)
Waray-Waray
pag-paspás the act of wiping off mud and moisture from shoes or feet; the act of shaking off or getting rid of, as dust, etc.
paspas-í to shake or dust off
Cebuano
paspas duster; stick with strips of paper at the end to chase away flies; drive flies away with a fly whisk; hit someone with a duster or a fly whisk
Binukid
paspas to dust, brush, sweep off (an area)
Mansaka
paspas to brush away (as dust); to drive away; to exile (as person)
Mapun
mapas to remove something by slapping, banging, brushing off (as when slapping a ball out of someone’s hand, banging an eraser against something to remove the built up chalk, brushing a bug off of one’s arm
Tausug
mag-paspas to get rid of by brushing off; to brush off (something)
paspas-i brush it off (imper.)
Ngaju Dayak
papas broom; what is swept
ma-mapa-mapas sweep away a little
Malagasy
fafa sweeping, cleaning off
ma-fafa exhaused, empty, gone
ma-mafa to sweep, to wipe, to clear away
mi-fafa to sweep, to wipe, to clear away
ma-maspas to shake out, beat out dust from clothing
WMP Yami
paspas-an remove grime
Itbayaten
paspas-an to remove dirt or dust by brushing, to brush off or away
Kapampangan
paspas-an sponge bathe, dab something on, whisk
Waray-Waray
paspas-an doormat
WMP Hanunóo
paspás dripping of rain from eaves
Kadazan Dusun
papas ditch, drain, channel
ma-mapas to make a ditch or channel
ka-papas-an act of making a ditch, drain, channel
Dairi-Pakpak Batak
paspas-en a place on the ground where rain dripping from a roof makes a groove or channel; the dripline from a house (which is made by rain dripping from the roof)
WMP Hanunóo
paspás-an ditch formed by rain dripping from eaves; rain ditch
Kadazan Dusun
papas-an to make a ditch for
WMP Ilokano
paspas-án to do quickly
na-paspás quick
Casiguran Dumagat
paspas to work energetically
Ibaloy
paspas fast, quick, speedy
Tagalog
paspás spurt or burst of speed, activity or effort
Bikol
paspás fast, quick, rapid
mag-paspás to be quick, to accelerate
pa-paspas-on to make something run faster (as a vehicle)
paspas-éro speedster, speed demon (with Spanish agentive ending)
Aklanon
páspas to hurry up, speed up, go faster; fast, quick, hurried; rash, too quick
Waray-Waray
paspás fast; sudden; swift; prompt; quickly; with haste; rapidly
pag-paspás the act of hurrying up; haste; a hurry; quickness of movement or action
paspas-í to hurry up; be hasty; get faster; rush up
Agutaynen
paspas quickly, in a rush
Cebuano
paspas fast in motion or doing something; do something hurriedly, get to be fast
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)
paspas to do something in a hurry
Tiruray
fasfas to hurry something; quick, speedy
Tausug
mag-paspas to put forth a sudden burst of speed, exert physical effort
paspas-i speed up! (imper.)
WMP Ibaloy
paspas-an to do something quickly
Agutaynen
paspas-an do something quickly, at once, nonstop, or in a rush
Mapun
paspas-an to speed up (when doing something); to do something faster
Yakan
paspas-an to speed up an action
Formosan Puyuma
pasu cheek bone
WMP Paku
pahu cheek
Old Javanese
pasu root of the nose
Makassarese
pasu prominent cheek bones
Chamorro
fasu cheek, face
CMP Bimanese
pahu face
Manggarai
pacu cheek
Li'o
pasu cheek
Selaru
asu-ke cheek, jaw, molar teeth
Kamarian
asu cheek
Proto-Sub-Ambon
*pasu- cheek
OC Mekeo (East)
paku forehead
Bileki
vasu forehead
Dobuan
asu forehead
Nggela
vau-vahu eyebrow
Arosi
vasu-vasu- eyebrow
Marshallese
yāt eyebrow
Fijian
vacu the eyebrows
OC Hote
vau bear a child, give birth; bear fruit
Bugotu
vahu bring forth, give birth to
Nggela
vahu to bear, give birth to; be born
Paamese
vas give birth, have a child
Formosan Amis
pacok to slaughter, to kill with a knife or sword
Amis (Kiwit)
mi-patsuk to stab
WMP Tagalog
pások entry; entrance; act of entering; admission; infiltration
Iban
pasok enter into or upon, begin, go into
WMP Ngaju Dayak
masok enter, go into
Iban
masok enter into or upon, begin
Malay
masok entry; admission into
masok-i to enter
Toba Batak
masuk to enter
CMP Hawu
mahu to enter, go inside
WMP Kankanaey
pásoŋ upper jawbone
Javanese
pasuŋ bridge of the nose, root of the nose
CMP Sika
pahuŋ cheek
WMP Itbayaten
paso roast (imper.)
ma-maso to roast, to broil (root crops, meat)
Ivatan
paso to roast, broil
Ibatan
ma-maso to roast over hot coals
Isneg
páso heat
na-páso hot
Itawis
pátu heat
na-pátu hot (of things)
Tagalog
pásoʔ a scald; a burn; injury caused by fire or heat; burnt; scalded; seared
p<um>ásoʔ to burn slightly
Bikol
mag-pásoʔ to deliberately burn, scorch or scald; to cauterize
Inati
pasoʔ to burn
Agutaynen
pa-maso something which causes a caustic burn
Tausug
pasuʔ heat, warmth, high temperature; anger, temper
pasuʔ atay hot temper, short temper
Proto-Minahasan
*pasuʔ hot
Tondano
pasuʔ hot
Tontemboan
pasoʔ warm, hot
WMP Ilokano
ma-páso to be scalded, burnt
Tagalog
ma-pásoʔ to be burnt, scalded or injured by burning; to be seared (as by a hot iron)
Bikol
ma-pásoʔ to get burned, scalded, scorched
Agutaynen
ma-paso for the skin to be accidentally burned or scalded by hot or caustic substances
Tausug
ma-pasuʔ hot, warm (weather, body temperature); unlucky (of a day or month; e.g. for planting)
Tontemboan
ma-pasoʔ heat up something, become warm or hot
Mongondow
mo-patuʔ warm
WMP Itawis
ka-patw-án hot (of persons)
Tontemboan
ka-pasoʔ-an affected by heat
WMP Itbayaten
paso-en to roast, to barbecue
Ilokano
pasú-en to singe wounds (to disinfect)
Isneg
pasow-án to heat
Tagalog
pasúʔ-in to burn slightly, e.g. the skin of a person or animal
Bikol
pasúʔ-en to deliberately burn, scorch or scald; to cauterize
Tausug
pasuʔ-un to heat (something)
WMP Ilokano
patáni lima bean: Phaseolus lunatus
Bontok
patáni lima bean: Phaseolus lunatus Linn.
patani-ən to gather this bean
Tagalog
patániʔ lima bean
Hanunóo
patáni lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus Linn.), the largest type of beans cultivated by the Hanunóo
Cebuano
patániʔ lima bean: Phaseolus lunatus
WMP Sambal (Botolan)
pátaʔ to break bones of something or someone
Maranao
pataʔ cut down
Iban
patah break, snap (something long) (Scott 1956); broken, snap, break across (Richards 1981)
Malay
patah fracture; the snapping of a stick or limb
Sasak
pataʔ cut rice stalks, harvest the rice
Uma
pataʔ cut through
CMP Hawu
pada broken
WMP Ilokano
pantár treeless plain; (in some districts) shore, land immediately bordering on a stream
Ayta Abellan
patal an extensive tract of level, open land
ma-patal a flat, level place
Maranao
pantar level, flat, even, plane surface
Kelabit
patar alluvial plain
Malay
patar wooden rasp
Sundanese
pantar equal (in age, height, strength, beauty, etc.)
Banggai
pantal flat, level