MCD - Micronesian Comparative Dictionary

PMc *-a him, her, it (object pronoun)

Trukese	-y, -ye-; -w, -we-	·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Woleaian	-ya, -wa	·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Pulo-Annan	-a	·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Proto-Chuukic	*-a	·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Kiribati	-a	·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*-a	·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Proto-Kimbe	*-a	·him, her, it (object pronoun)
Proto-Oceanic	*-a	·him, her, it (object pronoun) (Ross 1988)

PMc *-a, -Ta reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)

Trukese	-a	·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Mortlockese	-a	·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Puluwatese	-ya	·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Saipan Carolinian	-a	·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Satawalese	-a, -ya	·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Woleaian	-sa, -ya	·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Ulithian	-a	·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Pulo-Annan	-da	·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Proto-Chuukic	*-a, -Ta	·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Marshallese	-jah	·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Kiribati	-a	·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Kusaiean	tʌ	·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*-ta	·reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Sa’a	-’a	present or general time

Problems here.

PCMc *aa-, aa-ni- alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object

Trukese	aa-	general class of alienable object
	áá-ni	own or acquire ownership of an alienable object
	aaya	use an alienable object
Puluwatese	yaa-, yáá-ni, yááyá	·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Saipan Carolinian	aa-, yáá-li, yááyá	·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Saipan Carolinian·T	aa-, áá-ni	·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Satawalese	yááyá	·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Woleaian	yaa-, yaa-li-(i), yaayaa	·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Pulo-Annan	yaa-	·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Proto-Chuukic	*yaa-, yaa-ni-, yaayaa	·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Ponapeian	aa-, ε-	alienable object
Marshallese	haha-	·alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
Kiribati	a-	alienable object
	ana-a	to take or get (something)

— Cf. —

Fijian	kaa	thing
Uraustronesisch	*kaya	possession

PWMc *aapʷa no

Trukese	aapʷ	·no
Puluwatese	yaapʷ	·no
Woleaian	yeebe	·no
Ponapeian	(?) aapʷ	but
Marshallese	yahabʷ	·no

PMc (?) *ae₁ crawl

Trukese	á, áá-	swim, be swimming
Kiribati	ae	crawl
	ae (rake)	go ashore

— Cf. —

Proto-Oceanic	*jaRa	move, creep, flow, spill (Ross 1988)
Kwaio	tala-(fafo)	shallow, swim close to the surface
	tala-[ŋe’enia]	arrive at a place, wash up

Cf. Proto–Central Micronesian *afe ‘swim’.

PMc (?) *ae₂ this

Kiribati	ae	this here, the one that
Proto-Oceanic	(?) aRe	·this
West Nakanai	ale	this, the one that
Fijian	[ko]-yaa, [a]-yaa	that [distant], the one that.

— Cf. —

Kiribati

are

who, which, that yonder

PMc *afafi coconut crab

Trukese	eef, #eefi-	·coconut crab
Saipan Carolinian	áff, áffi-	·coconut crab
Woleaian	yaffi	·coconut crab
Proto-Chuukic	*affi	·coconut crab
Ponapeian	εmp	·coconut crab
Kiribati	aai	·coconut crab
Kusaiean	εi	·coconut crab

PMc *afaŋi north

Trukese	efen, efeŋ	north, trade wind season
	efeni-(nap)	due north, north wind
Mortlockese	eféŋé-(n)	toward the north
	(le)-eféŋ	dry season
	(le)-eféŋ	dry season
Puluwatese	yefáŋ, yefeŋi-	north, be north (of wind or direction), trade wind season
Saipan Carolinian	efáŋ, áfáŋ	·north
Satawalese	effáŋ	north
	(le)-efáŋ	winter, trade wind season
Woleaian	yefaŋi	north, northern direction, trade wind season
Pulo-Annan	(i)-edaŋi	·north
Proto-Chuukic	*yafaŋi	·north
Ponapeian	(pali)-εpεŋ	·north
Marshallese	yaŋ, (yi)-yéŋ	north
	(haŋen)-yaŋ	wintertime, dry season
Kiribati	(me)-aaŋ	·north

Cf. Kusaiean epaŋ glossed as ‘south’ in dictionary looks like a loan (p unexpected, see Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic *aúrú ‘south’). Cf. Marck’s (1994:310–323) Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic *faŋi ‘dry season’.

PMc *afara shoulder

Trukese	afar, afara-(n)	shoulder, his shoulder
	(éwúw)-éfar	shoulder carrying pole
	(éwúw)-éfara	carry (something) on a pole
Mortlockese	awúfar, awúfara-(n)	·shoulder
Puluwatese	yefar	shoulder
	yayéfar	shoulder, load carried on the shoulder
Saipan Carolinian	aifar, aifár, ayúfar, aifara-(l)	shoulder, carry a load on the shoulder, his shoulder
Satawalese	efar, efara-(n)	·shoulder
Woleaian	yefare, yafera-(le)	·shoulder
Pulo-Annan	yadala	shoulder
	yadadala	carry on the shoulder
Proto-Chuukic	*yafara	·shoulder
Ponapeian	apεrε	his shoulder
Mokilese	aprɔ	his shoulder
Pingilapese	apεr	·shoulder
Marshallese	hayer, hayeray	·shoulder
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*qafaRa	·shoulder (Geraghty 1990)
Proto-Oceanic	*qapaRa, qabaRa	·shoulder
Ulawan	‘apala	shoulder
Proto-Kimbe	*[kq]apala	·shoulder
Proto-Austronesian	*qabaRa	·shoulder (Ross 1988)

There appears to have been corruption of the word for ‘shoulder carrying pole’ and its reinterpretation as ‘shoulder’ in Mortlockese, Puluwatese, and Saipan Carolinian.

— Cf. —

Kusaiean	pælpæl	carry on the shoulder
	polo-ŋ	carry (something) on the shoulders with a pole
Arosi	abara	carry under the arm

PCMc *afe swim

Puluwatese	yaf, yáfe-	·swim
Satawalese	yaaf [sic]	·swim
Woleaian	yafe	·swim
Ulithian	eaf	·swim
Saipan Carolinian	áf, áfe-	·swim
Pulo-Annan	yada	·swim
Proto-Chuukic	*yafe	·swim
Marshallese	haheh	·swim
Kiribati	ae	driftwood

— Cf. —

Kiribati	uaua	swim
Samoan	’a’au	swim

Cf. Proto-Micronesian *ae₁ ‘crawl’.

PMc *afi, afi-Si- carry on the hip or under the arm

Mortlockese	afiyaf	carry under the arm
	afi-ti	carry (a child) on the hip
Puluwatese	yafi-ti-(y)	to carry (a child) on ones side
Saipan Carolinian	afi-ti, áfi-ti	carry (a child or object) on ones side
Satawalese	áfiyáf	carry on the hip (as a baby)
	áfi-ti	carry (a child) in the arms on the side
Woleaian	yafiyefi	carry under one arm
	yafi-ti-(i)	carry it under the arm
Pulo-Annan	yadi-ti	carry it under the arm
Proto-Chuukic	*afiafi, afi-di-	·carry on the hip or under the arm
Ponapeian	api-d	to carry (something) on ones side or under ones arm
Mokilese	api-d	carry (something) under arm
Kusaiean	ε	to hold on the hip
	εi	hold or carry (something) on the hip
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*afi	·carry on the hip or under the arm
Bugotu	avi ni	carry in the arms

— Cf. —

Marshallese	habʷ jayjéy	carry tucked under one arm
Bugotu	achi	carry under the arm

— Cf. also —

Proto–Eastern Oceanic

*[qØ]afi-ŋa

armpit

Cf. Proto-Chuukic *api.

PMc *afi₁ fire

Trukese	ááf, efi-	·fire
Puluwatese	yááf	·fire
Saipan Carolinian	(a-ghúú)-áf	light a signal fire
Saipan Carolinian·T	(a-gúú)-áf	light a signal fire
Woleaian	yaafi, yafi-	·fire
Pulo-Annan	yaadi, yadi-	·fire
Sonsorolese	yaafi	·fire
Proto-Chuukic	*yafi	·fire
Ponapeian	aay	·fire
Mokilese	ɔy	·fire
Pingilapese	εy	·fire
Kiribati	ai	·fire
Kusaiean	e	·fire
Proto-Oceanic	*api	·fire (Ross 1988)
Proto-Polynesian	*afi	·fire
Proto-Nakanai	*havi	·fire
Uraustronesisch	*apuy	·fire

PMc *afi₂ pull on a line

Trukese	ef, efiyef	pull on a line (as in fishing)
	efi-i-(y)	pull on (a line)
	efi-i-(y)	pull on (a line)
Puluwatese	yááf [sic], yáfi-i-(y)	·pull on a line
Saipan Carolinian	áfi-i-(y)	pull it in (as a fish on a line)
Pulo-Annan	yadiedi	pull as a rope
Sonsorolese	yafiefi	pull on a rope
Proto-Chuukic	*yafi, yafiyafi	·pull on a line
Ponapeian	api-i	pull (something, usually with a rope)
Mokilese	ɔppɔp, oppop	pull
	ópi	pull at
Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic	*afi, afi-i-	·pull on a line
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*Raf[ei]	pull (Geraghty 1990)

— Cf. —

Marshallese	hayik	tow (as a boat), pull, draw
	hayik-ey	tow something
Kiribati	aa-i	to tow
	aeae-a	to tow, drag (something)
	aeae-a	a towing

PMc *-aki passive suffix

Saipan Carolinian	(ripis)-ágh	to be broken into pieces, shattered (ripiiy to shatter something)
	(piles)-ágh	to become blocked, clogged (pileey to close, cover up, put the lid on something)
Woleaian	(liuwet)-ag	tossed (liuweti toss something)
	(mʷulot)-ag	crumpled (m^wulot-i crumple something
	(feshiŋ)-eg	picked (feshiŋ-i pick something)
Proto-Chuukic	*-aki	·passive suffix
Ponapeian	(diεr)-εk	to be found (diar to find)
	(εmʷir)-εk	to be crumpled (am^wir to crumple)
Marshallese	(wékʷt)-ak	be changed (wiket-ey change something)
	(wékj)-ak	be overturned, capsized (wikej overturn something)
Kiribati	(arir)-aki	pulled tight (arir-a to pull something tight)
Kusaiean	(otwe)-yʌk	woven (otwe to weave)
	(usruk)-yʌk	be shaken (usruk to shake).

Reflexes of this suffix that have been recorded for Trukese (see examples under Proto-Micronesian *-aki-ni below) all have it followed by reflexes of *-ni. See the statement about Trukese -ási (-esi) in Goodenough and Sugita 1980.

PWMc (?) *aki, akiaki to hide, hidden

Ponapeian	εkiεk	to be hidden, concealed
	εki-i-(la)	hide it away
Marshallese	(til)-yékyék	hide, be obscured

PMc *-aki-ni passive suffix

Trukese	-ási-ni, -esi-ni	(suf. to verb bases) be ~ because of (someone or something), be ~ on account of (someone or something), be ~ with (someone or something)
	(sááwá)-ási-ni	be embarrassed because of him
Puluwatese	-yáki-n-, yeki-n-	·passive suffix
Saipan Carolinian	(kkapasá)-ághi-li	to intercede on behalf of someone (kkapas word, speech, talk, language, to speak)
	(fasá)ághá-li	to laugh at, make fun of someone, mock (ffas to laugh)
Woleaian	-yagi-li-(i), -agi-li-(i)	·passive suffix
Pulo-Annan	-aki-ni	·passive suffix
Proto-Chuukic	*-aki-ni-	·passive suffix
Kiribati	-aki-na	transitive suffix (Bender et al. 1984)
Kusaiean	-ki-n	fossilized transitive suffix (Bender et al. 1984)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*-aki-ni	·passive suffix
Bugotu	-agi-ni	·passive suffix
Sa’a	-ái-ni [sic]	·passive suffix

PMc *ako tie together

Trukese	óóyó	strap or rope handle, carrier made of rope or line
Puluwatese	yóóyó	coarse sennit used for lashing and calking, to calk
Woleaian	yagoyago	to tie together, bind
Proto-Chuukic	*yakoyako	·tie together
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*Rak[ou]-t	tie, fasten (Geraghty 1990) Note that the West Nakanai forms can also be cognate with Fijian rako, rakorako ‘fitting or suiting well’
West Nakanai	lao-a	to clasp, have sexual intercourse with
	lakolako	to stick fast (as adhesive tape)
Uraustronesisch	*Dakep	join together

PMc *ako, akoako steer a boat

Woleaian	(ga)-ago	·steer a boat
Pulo-Annan	(ka)-ako	·steer a boat
Proto-Chuukic	*(ka)-ako	·steer a boat
Kusaiean	ikʷik	rudder, tiller, to steer.

— Cf. —

Marshallese

kahyiyekʷ, kahiyewekʷ

steer directly for

PMc *ala₁ path, road

Trukese	aan, ane-(n)	path, road, route, path of
Mortlockese	aal, ala-(n)	road, his road
Puluwatese	yaal, yela-(n)	path, road, street, his path
Saipan Carolinian	aal, ala-(l)	path, road, his path
Satawalese	yaan, ena-(n)	road, his road
Woleaian	yaale, yela-(li)	path, road, path of
	yen-(nape) (< *yala-lapa)	path, roadway
Pulo-Annan	yaana, yana-	way, road, track
Sonsorolese	yaara	road, path, way
Proto-Chuukic	*yala	·path, road
Ponapeian	aal	path, road, trail
Mokilese	al	·path, road
Pingilapese	al	·path, road
Marshallese	yiyaḷ, yiyyaḷ	·path, road

— Cf. —

Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*zala	path (Geraghty 1983)
Proto-Oceanic	*salan	path (Ross 1988)
Fijian	sala	·path, road
Proto-Polynesian	*hala	·path, road
Sa’a	tala	·path, road
Bugotu	hatha [utu]	a way
Lau	tala	way, path
Arosi	tara [na]	·path, road
Kwaio	tala	·path, road
Proto-Kimbe	*dala, zala	·path, road
Proto-Austronesian	*Zalan	·path, road

See also Marck (1994:321) Proto-Micronesian *ala.

PMc *ala₂ to take, get

Ponapeian	alε	take, get, (something)
	alaal-(di)	be taken or gotten
Mokilese	ɔlɔ	get, take, gather (something)
	ɔlɔɔl	get, take, gather
Kiribati	ana-(a)	to take
Proto-Oceanic	*ala-(p)	take
Uraustronesisch	*ala-(p)	take

— Cf. —

Marshallese	haley	provisions, storehouse
	haḷey	fish caught by encircling

PMc *ala[iu], alala[iu] long

Trukese	áney, ánney	long, tall, length
	áneyi-(n)	length or height of
	-nááney	long
Puluwatese	yáláy, yelay	long (as hair), length, height
	yelaye-(n)	length or height of
	lááláy	be long, tall, last long
Saipan Carolinian	láálááy	be long, tall
	álláy	be very long
	aláálááy	be very long
	áláálááy	be very long
Woleaian	yelai, yelai-(li)	length, length of
	yennai	be long, extended
Pulo-Annan	yanai	be long
Proto-Chuukic	*yalayi, yalalayi, layalayi	·long
Marshallese	leyelley	a great distance, far
Kiribati	anau, ananau	long
	anau	length
	ananau	length
Proto-Oceanic	*[aØ]lau, [aØ]lalau	·long
Proto-Kimbe	*(ma)-laqu	long, tall, far

— Cf. —

Ponapeian	aŋεd	long, tall
Kusaiean	loes	long, tall
	loeloes	very long or tall

PCMc *ale kind of coral

Trukese	áán, áni-(n)	kind of coral (live, white, and branching), coral of
	áne-(pʷpʷo)	a kind of coral
Puluwatese	yáál, yále-(y)	·kind of coral
Saipan Carolinian	yáál, áál	·kind of coral
Proto-Chuukic	*ale	·kind of coral
Kiribati	ane	live coral

Cf. Proto–Central Micronesian *laxa ‘kind of coral’ and Proto-Micronesian ? *laZe ‘kind of coral’.

PMc *alele to reckon, sing

Trukese	ánnáya, ánneya	to read, count (something), reading, counting
Puluwatese	yalley	to think about, decide
	yalleya	to read, count (something)
Woleaian	yanne	to be wise, smart
Proto-Chuukic	*alle, alle-a	·to reckon, sing
Marshallese	hal	sing, song, music
Kiribati	anene	to sing
	anene-a	to sing (a song, hymn, etc.)
Kusaiean	ælʌllʌl	to sing
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*alele	·to reckon, sing
Sa’a	alele	be jubilant, rejoice in song
Arosi	arere	be joyful
	arere-hi	be joyful on account of

— Cf. —

Fijian	lele	dirge
Arosi	are, areare	call on a ghost
Kwaio	lala, lale	make rustling noises

— Cf. also —

Bugotu	sale	to sing, a song
	sale a	to sing (something)

There is no basis for relating Kiribati anene to Proto–Eastern Oceanic *taReRe ‘rejoice’, as suggested by Geraghty (1990). Cf. also Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic ? *kaúlú ‘sing, song’ and Proto-Chuukic *alle ‘count, enumerate’. There may be two different roots here.

PWMc *-ali, -aliali, mʷa-aliali circle, circling, dizzy

Trukese	fá-án	go in a circle
	fá-ániyen	a circle, ring, to talk round a subject
	eni-(kes)	winding the warp threads
	mʷá-ániyen	dizziness, be dizzy
Mortlockese	fá-áli	form a circle
Puluwatese	fá-aliyál	a circle
	mʷá-áliyel	be dizzy, confused
Saipan Carolinian	mʷá-áliyál	dizzy
Saipan Carolinian·T	fa-aliyel	round, circular, spherical
Satawalese	(á)-fá-án	make a circle
	fá-ániyán	go in a circle
Woleaian	fa-aliyeli	to circle, go round
	bʷa-aliyeli	go in a circle, be round
	bba-aliyeli	round
	mʷa-ali-yeli	be dizzy, giddy, dazed
Pulo-Annan	da-anieni	to circle, go around
Proto-Chuukic	*-ali, aliali, fa-aliali, mʷa-aliali	·circle, circling, dizzy
Ponapeian	mʷa-aliεl	be dizzy
	mʷa-aliεli	his brain
	sa-aliεl	dizzy, mentally ill or retarded
Mokilese	mʷe-eleel	dizzy
	mʷe-eleel-(la)	unconscious
Marshallese	(hajji)-mʷa-halhal	dizzy, sway back and forth, nod

— Cf. —

Sa’a	káli	to surround
	kálikeli	around
Lau	gali	round, around
Kwaio	gali	circle, round, around

See also Proto-Chuukic *ka-falli ‘be careful of, attend to’, Proto-Chuukic *mʷaali ‘confused, mistaken’.

PMc *ali-maŋo mangrove crab

Trukese	áni-móŋ	·mangrove crab
Saipan Carolinian	ali-moŋ	large sea crab with red orange shell
Ponapeian	eli-mɔŋ	·mangrove crab
Mokilese	el-mɔŋ	lobster [sic] variety
Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic	*ali-maŋo	·mangrove crab
Proto–Malayo-Polynesian	*qali-maŋaw	·mangrove crab (Blust 1980:39, Blust & Trussel 2010-12)

Cf. Kusaiean εi ‘crab’ where we would expect *εl.

PMc *al[iu]ta beard

Trukese	enis, enisa-(n)	beard, whiskers, mustache, his beard
Mortlockese	alús	beard, mustache, whiskers
Puluwatese	yáálúh, yálúha-(n) [sic]	·beard
Saipan Carolinian	alús, aalis, alis, alúsa-(l)	·beard
Saipan Carolinian·T	alúh	·beard
Woleaian	yalúse, yalúsa-(le)	·beard
Pulo-Annan	yanúda	sideburns
Proto-Chuukic	*yalúta	·beard
Ponapeian	alis, εlisε	beard, mustache, his beard
Mokilese	alij ɔljɔ	beard, mustache, his beard
Kusaiean	altε-(l)	his beard
	ælut	bearded

Note Pulo-Annan d instead of expected t, there may be a problem here.

PMc *alo sun

Trukese	(nee)-yóno-(was)	midday, noon (lit. high sun time)
	(nee-kkunu)-yón	late afternoon (lit. sun turning time)
Mortlockese	yóól, Wóól	·sun
Puluwatese	yóól, yólo-(n)	sun, sun of
	(le)-yólo-(wah)	noon
Saipan Carolinian	(lee)-alo-(was), (lee)-ólo-(was)	high noon
Satawalese	(lee)-yólo-(was)	at noon
Woleaian	yaalo, yalo-	·sun
Ulithian	yal	·sun
Pulo-Annan	yaano, yano-	·sun
Sonsorolese	yaaro	·sun
Proto-Chuukic	*yalo	·sun
Marshallese	haḷ	·sun
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*qalo	·sun
Sa’a	salo	sky, heaven, clouds
Lau	salo	cloud, storm
Arosi	aro	sky, heavens
Kwaio	lalo	sky

Yapese yaal’ ‘sun’ is probably a loan from Ulithian. See also Proto-Chuukic *yalle-pʷuta ‘a tree (Pittosporum)’ and cf. Proto-Chuukic *yaado ‘legendary woman’, Proto-Micronesian *a[sS]o ‘time’.

PMc *alo, aloalo, alo-[fØ]i to wave, beckon

Ponapeian	ɔlɔɔl	to wave, to signal
	ɔlε	to wave or signal to
Mokilese	(jei)- ɔɔl, (jei)- ɔɔli	to wave, wave at (someone)
Marshallese	(jeyya)-haḷ	beckon with downward motion of hand or by waving arm
Kiribati	anoano	to beckon
	anoano	beckoning
	ano-a	to beckon to (someone)
	ano-i-(a)	beckon him
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*qalo, qalo-fi	·to wave, beckon
Fijian	yalo, yalo-va	beckon
Tongan	(ta)-’alo	to wave, beckon
Sa’a	salo	to beckon, invite
Bugotu	athoatho, atho-vi	to beckon, signal
Arosi	saro	to beckon
Bau	karo-hi	to beckon
Proto–Malayo-Polynesian	*qalep	beckon, wave (Blust 1989:123, Blust & Trussel 2010-12)

— Cf. —

Lau

salo-fi

to prepare, clear a path, sweep

The Mokilese form appears to be a loan from Marshallese.

PCMc *amata undercooked, raw

Trukese	amas, amasa-	·undercooked, raw
Mortlockese	ames	·undercooked, raw
Puluwatese	yemah	·undercooked, raw
Woleaian	yemate	·undercooked, raw
Pulo-Annan	yamete	·undercooked, raw
Proto-Chuukic	*am[ae]ta	·undercooked, raw
Ponapeian	amas	·undercooked, raw
Marshallese	haméj	·undercooked, raw
Kiribati	amata	·undercooked, raw

— Cf. —

Kusaiean

(tæl) m^wek, (tæk) m^wek

raw, uncooked

— Cf. also —

Proto-Oceanic	*mataq	·undercooked, raw (Ross 1988)
Proto-Polynesian	*mata	·undercooked, raw
Kwaio	ma’a	·undercooked, raw
Uraustronesisch	ma(n)taq, mentaq	·undercooked, raw

PCMc *amʷa pertaining to nurture

Trukese	fa-amʷ	giving birth, parturition, delivery
	(a)-fa-amʷa	deliver it (a baby)
Woleaian	fa-amʷe	to adopt a child, be adopted, cared for
	fa-amʷa-(a)	adopt him/her
Pulo-Annan	da-amʷa	to adopt a child, take care of him/her
Proto-Chuukic	*fa-amʷa	·pertaining to nurture
Kiribati	amʷa-(rake)	food

— Cf. —

Fijian

yaga

useful, valuable, necessary

PMc (?) *[aØ]mʷi, [aØ]mʷi ni to wash ones hands

Ponapeian	εmʷiεmʷ, amʷi-n	·to wash ones hands
Marshallese	hamʷin, hamʷin-iy	·to wash ones hands
Kusaiean	winwin, winwin-i	·to wash ones hands

There may be loans here.

PCMc *amʷii bunch or cluster of nuts

Ponapeian	εmʷii	bunch of it (palm nuts)
Pingilapese	εmʷi	·bunch or cluster of nuts
Kiribati	amʷii	full bunch or cluster

Could be loans in Ponapeian and Pingilapese from Kiribati.

PMc *aneane to wish, need

Trukese	ánáyán, áneyán	to wish
Puluwatese	yániyán	to wish
Woleaian	yaleyale	to wish
Proto-Chuukic	*aneane	·to wish, need
Ponapeian	anaan	be necessary, indispensable
	anaanε	to need, require (something)
Mokilese	anaane	to need, want (something)
Marshallese	(k)-eṇahan	want, like, wish
Kusaiean	enenʌ	to need (something), be necessary
	nεnε	to need (something)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*ane	·to wish, need
Fijian	yana	to take another's goods without his consent

PMc *anitu god, spirit

Trukese	énú, énúú-(n), anú, anúú-(n)	god, sky spirit, god of
Mortlockese	anú, anúú-(n)	ghost, god of
Puluwatese	yanú	ancient god
Saipan Carolinian	anú, anúú-(l)	spirit, ghost, spirit of
Saipan Carolinian·T	anú	spirit, ghost
Satawalese	anú, anúú-(n)	ghost, god of
Woleaian	yalúsú	god, spirit, ghost
Pulo-Annan	yanúdú	god, spirit, ghost
Sonsorolese	yarúdú	spirit, ghost
Proto-Chuukic	*yanútú	·god, spirit
Ponapeian	εni	ghost
Mokilese	eni	demon, ghost
Pingilapese	εni	ghost, spirit
Marshallese	hanij	god
	hanijnij	spell, enchantment, magic, sorcery
	hanji(n-iy)	cast a spell on someone
Kiribati	anti	god, spirit, ghost
Kusaiean	inut	god, spirit, ghost
	inti	to enchant, cast a spell on (someone)
Uraustronesisch	*anitu	·god, spirit
Proto-Austronesian	*qaNitu	·god, spirit (Wolff 1993)

— Cf. —

Uraustronesisch	*qantu	·god, spirit
Proto-Polynesian	*aitu	·god, spirit

See also Proto-Chuukic *faúrú-anútú ‘recite a spell’.

PMc *anu[sS]a small, uninhabited island

Woleaian	yalúte	small uninhabited island
Satawalese	yalút	small uninhabited island
Proto-Chuukic	*anuda	·small, uninhabited island
Ponapeian	and	name of an atoll west of Pohnpei
Proto-Oceanic	*anusa	island
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*(q)anuza	·small, uninhabited island (Geraghty 1983)
Fijian	yanuca	·small, uninhabited island

— Cf. —

Uraustronesisch

*nusa

island

Cf. also Proto-Micronesian *fanua ‘inhabited land’, and Marck’s (1994:307) *anu[sz]a ‘small island’.

PMc *aŋa₁ to have or take in hand, to handle

Trukese	aŋá-(tá)	hand up, have in hand reaching up
	aŋe-e-(y)	take (something) in hand, take hold of
	aŋa-(mʷáán)	take without permission
	aŋa-s	be adept
	aŋa-(ta)	work too hard, work to the point of collapse
	aŋa-(kkáy)	handle quickly
	aŋa-(may)	catch fish by means of a stone fish trap
	aŋa-(maaw)	snatch, take in hand roughly
	aŋa-(mmaŋ)	take in hand slowly
	aŋa-(ŋŋaw)	handle a thing badly or clumsily
	aŋaaŋ	work
	aŋaaŋa	put (someone) to work
	aŋaaŋa-(ffat)	work without pay
Mortlockese	yaŋaaŋ	work
Puluwatese	yaŋ	to take
	yaŋa-(ta)	be tired (as from work)
	yáŋa-(tá)	to reach up
	yáŋe-(tá)	to reach up
	yaŋa-a-(y)	to bring, take (something)
	yaŋaaŋ	work, to work
Saipan Carolinian	aŋaaŋ, eŋaaŋ	work, to work
	aŋ-(ŋeli)	to reach for (something)
	aŋe-eti	to touch (someone or something)
	aŋŋé-éti	to touch (someone or something)
Satawalese	yaŋaaŋ	work
Woleaian	yaŋe	to put ones hand out, to reach, extend ones hand
	yaŋe-(kkúwe)	to touch things constantly
	yaŋŋe-(ŋŋaw)	do something imperfectly, be clumsy, sloppy
	yeŋaaŋe	work, to work
	yeŋa-si	to reach for it, touch it
Pulo-Annan	yaŋe	to reach out for
Proto-Chuukic	*yaŋa, yaŋaaŋa, yaŋa-ti-	·to have or take in hand, to handle
Ponapeian	εŋ-	to reach for
Mokilese	eŋ	to reach by stretching
Kiribati	(ka)-aŋaaŋa	difficult to do
	(ua)-aŋa	ambidextrous
	aŋa-(ua)	ambidextrous
	aŋa-(maiŋ)	left-handed
	aŋa-(atai)	right handed
	aŋa-(bai)	pass loads from hand to hand
	aŋa-(ra)	awkward (as when using the left hand)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*aŋa. aŋa-ti	·to have or take in hand, to handle
Sa’a	aŋa-’i	to carry, act as a porter
Lau	aŋa-i	to lift, carry
Arosi	aŋa	a carrying bag, to have in a bag
	aŋa-’i	to lift up
	aŋa-’i	to lift up
Kwaio	aŋa-[luaa]	to put back in position when carrying

PMc *aŋa₂ or *yaŋa spider shell (Strombidae)

Trukese	ne-yaŋ, nne-yaŋ	any true conch shell (genus Strombus or genus Lambis)
Puluwatese	le-yaŋ, le-yaŋa-(y)	spider shell, spider shell of
Saipan Carolinian	li-yaŋ	spider shell
Woleaian	le-yaŋe	kind of sea shell
Proto-Chuukic	*le-yaŋa	·spider shell (Strombidae)
Ponapeian	la-aŋ	spider conch sp.
Mokilese	le-eŋ	shell with spike-like protrusions
Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic	*le-aŋa	·spider shell (Strombidae)
Marshallese	yaŋ	shell of family Strombidae
Kusaiean	eŋ	kind of shell
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*Raŋa	·spider shell (Strombidae) (Geraghty 1990)
Fijian	yaga	·spider shell (Strombidae)
Arosi	raŋa	·spider shell (Strombidae)

PMc *aŋi, aŋiaŋi wind

Trukese	eni-, eniyen	wind, blowing
Mortlockese	yááŋ	soft breeze
Puluwatese	yááŋ, yáŋiyáŋ	·wind
Saipan Carolinian	ááŋ, yááŋ, yáŋi-	·wind
Satawalese	yááŋ	·wind
Woleaian	yaaŋi, yaŋi-, yaŋiyeŋi	·wind
Pulo-Annan	yaŋi, yaŋiyaŋi	·wind
Proto-Chuukic	*aŋi, aŋiaŋi	·wind
Ponapeian	aaŋ, εŋiεŋ	·wind
Mokilese	eŋ	·wind
Pingilapese	εŋ	·wind
Marshallese	haŋ	·wind
Kiribati	aŋ, aŋi-	·wind
Kusaiean	eŋ, eŋyeŋ	·wind
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*yaŋi	·wind (Geraghty 1983)
Fijian	cagi	·wind
Proto-Polynesian	*aŋi	·wind
Sa’a	dáŋi	·wind
Arosi	daŋi	·wind
Uraustronesisch	*haŋin	·wind

See also Marck (1990:310) Proto-Micronesian *aŋi.

PMc *aŋo curcuma, turmeric, ginger, yellow

Trukese	#óŋi-(n)	(? <*aŋo-ni) Curcuma plant
Saipan Carolinian	óŋeyóŋ, yóŋeyóŋ	yellow, be colored yellow
	óŋo-(shigh)	leaves and flowers of the ginger plant
Satawalese	yóŋoyóŋ	pale light haze on the horizon
Woleaian	yaaŋo	gardenia, cape jasmine
	yaaŋe	ginger
	yaŋo-(shigi)	Curcuma plant
	yaŋoyaŋo	be yellow, yellowish
Tobi	(tene)-oŋ	turmeric (Kubary 1889)
Proto-Chuukic	*yaŋo-, yaŋoyaŋo	·curcuma, turmeric, ginger, yellow
Ponapeian	ɔɔŋ, ɔŋε-(n)	turmeric
	ɔŋɔɔŋ	yellow
	ɔŋε	its yolk
Mokilese	ɔŋ	turmeric
Kiribati	aŋo	a tree (Bender et al. 1984: Premna sp., yellow substance derived from its roots)
Kusaiean	æŋ	kind of plant
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*yaŋo	kind of ginger (Geraghty 1983)
Fijian	cago	turmeric plant [Curcuma longa]
Tongan	aŋo	a ginger [Curcuma longa]
Bugotu	aŋoaŋo	yellow
Proto-Kimbe	*[i]aŋo	yellow
Uraustronesisch	*(za)-Raŋaw	a plant

— Cf. also —

West Nakanai

lagu

yellow face paint

— and cf. —

Sa’a	saosaola	yellow
	aro	wild ginger
Kwaio	sa’o	a tree with sweet smelling yellow flowers

Cf. Proto-Micronesian *reŋa ‘turmeric color’; Proto-Chuukic *yaloyalo.

PWMc *apara make alignment

Trukese	#para-	aligned, oriented
	apar	aim, make an alignment (as with posts or plants)
	áper	aim, make an alignment (as with posts or plants)
	apara, ápera	aim at, line (something) up, align
	#(kk)-áper	be aimed, aim
	#pere-(yiŋiiŋ)	turn on ones side, lean or tip sideways, list, slip between things by turning ones body, sidle
	#pere-(yiniin)	be square or rectangular
Puluwatese	yepar	calculation (for navigation), aim (as of a gun)
	yepare-(kacc)	to aim well
Woleaian	yepare	a sign for locating where one is in navigation
Proto-Chuukic	*yapara	·make alignment
Marshallese	hapar	stone markers along road

— Cf. —

Proto–Eastern Oceanic

*baRa

fence (Geraghty 1990)

Note that Trukese seems to have reinterpreted this form as having a causative prefix and derived the secondary forms marked # accordingly. The Woleaian and Marshallese forms cannot be understood as having a causative prefix.

PMc *apili a fish

Ponapeian	εpil	goatfish
Mokilese	ɔpil	goatfish
Marshallese	yapil	a fish
Kusaiean	apil	a kind of fish (a probable loan from Marshallese)

PMc *ara-mata person, people

See Proto-Micronesian *mata, ara-mata ‘person, people’.

PMc *are, are-ki haul, pull, tow

Trukese	ár	be selected, chosen
Marshallese	yar	haul a canoe or vessel up on shore
	yare-k	haul (a boat) up on shore
Kiribati	aeae-a	to tow, drag (something)
	ae-ka	take (a passenger) ashore in a canoe, to take (food) from the fire
Kusaiean	ælʌ-k	to lift, pull, scoop (something)

The following forms would indicate a low stem vowel instead, as Proto-Micronesian *ara:.

Kiribati	aa-i	to tow
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*ara	·haul, pull, tow
Fijian	yara, yara-ka	to haul, drag
Sa’a	ara-na	to move (a thing) on
Bugotu	jara-ha	fishing net ten fathoms long drawn between two canoes
Arosi	ara, ara-si	to set a net
Kwaio	ala	fish by setting large net with multiple operators
	ala-si-[a]	lift [fish] from water in a large net

PCMc *ar[eo]ŋu coconut cream, scraped coconut meat

Trukese	arúŋ, arúŋú-(n)	coconut cream, coconut cream for (a food)
	(a)-arúŋ	breadfruit pudding served with coconut cream
Mortlockese	yarúŋ	coconut cream
Puluwatese	yarúŋ	coconut cream
	yarúŋú-(w)	mix it with coconut cream
Saipan Carolinian	arúŋ	coconut cream
	arúŋú-(w)	add coconut cream to (a food)
Woleaian	yareŋú	coconut cream
Pulo-Annan	yalaŋú	coconut milk
Sonsorolese	yaléŋú	coconut cream
Proto-Chuukic	*yareŋú	·coconut cream, scraped coconut meat
Ponapeian	εriŋ	ripe coconut
Mokilese	ɔriŋ	brown stage of coconut
Kiribati	aoŋ	scraped coconut mixed with other food
	aoŋ	seasoned with scraped coconut

— Cf. —

Marshallese	yaḷ, yaḷi-	coconut milk
Kusaiean	elel	coconut milk

PMc *ari to scoop up

Puluwatese	yeri-(y)	to scoop (something) out (as coconut flesh)
Saipan Carolinian	ári-ti	to stir (something) from the bottom up to the top (as when cooking), to scoop up from the bottom of the pot
Woleaian	yariyeri	to scoop up, dig up (from a shell)
	yere-ti-(i) [sic]	to scoop it up, dig it out
Proto-Chuukic	*ari	·to scoop up
Marshallese	harhar, harharʷ	pick out food from teeth, pick out splinters, extricate (as meat from a clam)
	harʷi-j(i)	pick something out
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*ari	·to scoop up
Fijian	yari, yari-a	to scrape off the soft flesh of a drinking coconut with the thumb

— Cf. —

Bugotu

jari

a dug channel

Rounding in Marshallese forms unexplained; possible contamination by reflexes of Proto-Micronesian *aru, which are now near homonyms with Marshallese reflexes cited here. Semantics of Saipan Carolinian form help explain possible confusion between these two etyma, Proto-Micronesian *ari and *aru.

PMc *aro- shore, beach, vicinity

Trukese	óór, óru-(n)	vicinity, immediate surroundings, environs, vicinity of; outer surface of skin, his o. shore
	(wini)-yór	vicinity, neighborhood
	óro-(s-set), aro-(s-set)	shore, coast, seaside
Puluwatese	yero-	·shore, beach, vicinity
Saipan Carolinian	aro-	about, around, near
Woleaian	yaro-(li)	vicinity of, near
Proto-Chuukic	*yaro-	·shore, beach, vicinity
Ponapeian	ɔrɔɔr	shore, land near the ocean, landing place for boats
Mokilese	ɔrɔɔr	shore
Marshallese	har, hare-(n)	lagoon beach
Kiribati	ao-(ataata)	beach above the high water line
Kusaiean	yɔrɔ-(l)	his vicinity
	yuru-(n)	vicinity of

Cf. Proto-Micronesian *Soru- ‘near, beside’.

PMc *aroŋo a Carangid fish, pompano, skipjack

Trukese	aroŋ, óroŋ, aroŋe-(n)	sp. of pompano fish, pompano fish of
Saipan Carolinian·T	aroŋ	fourth of five growth stages of the skipjack
Woleaian	yaroŋo	a kind of fish (C. melampygus)
Proto-Chuukic	*aroŋo	·a Carangid fish, pompano, skipjack
Ponapeian	ɔroŋ	blue jack crevally (C. melampygus)
Marshallese	hareŋʷ	African pompano (Hynnis cubensis)
Kiribati	aoŋo	a jackfish (C. lugubria)
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*aroŋo	·a Carangid fish, pompano, skipjack
Tongan	aloŋo	kind of shark with head like that of a stingray

— Cf. —

Kusaiean	loŋ	a kind of fish
Tongan	loŋo	a shark

PMc *aru, aruaru, aru-ti- to stir

Trukese	érúwér	stirring stick, to stir with a stick or spoon
	érú-ú-(w)	stir (something) with a stick
Mortlockese	arúyar	be stirring
	arú	stir it
Puluwatese	yaru-(w)	to stir (a liquid)
Saipan Carolinian	áriár	utensil to stir with, to stir things
	arú-(w)	to stir it
Saipan Carolinian·T	arú	to stir (soup or stew)
Satawalese	yariyar	to stir
	yarú-(w)	stir it
Woleaian	yarúyerú	stirring stick, to stir
	garu-su	to mix, blend, fuse
Pulo-Annan	yalúyalú	to stir
	yalú-dú	to stir (something)
Proto-Chuukic	yarúyarú, yarú-ti-	·to stir
Ponapeian	εriεr	to stir, to probe
	ari-i	to stir (something)
Marshallese	harhar	stir or poke food or fire with a stick
	harʷi-j	stir or poke (something)
Kiribati	ai-a, aiai-a	to swing (something) round and round
Kusaiean	æryær	to stir
	ærʌ-k	stir, poke (something)

— Cf. —

Mokilese	ɔrrɔr	to dismantle an earth oven
	ɔri	to dismantle (an earth oven)

Note that the initial g of the Woleaian garusu is unexpected, unless the form is a misrendering of *(ga)-aru-su with a causative prefix.

PMc *a[sS]a to grate, scrape

Trukese	(ma)-ataat	be rough to the touch (but not to the eye)
	(a-ma)-ata	to grate (something)
Puluwatese	(a-ma)-at	to grate something (such as raw taro)
	(a-ma)-ata	to grate it
Saipan Carolinian	(a-ma)-at	to grate, scrape, or mash something
Pulo-Annan	yatata [sic]	to rub
Proto-Chuukic	*(ma)-ada, (ma)-adaada	·to grate, scrape
Ponapeian	adaad	to sharpen, put an edge on something
	εdε	to sharpen (something)
Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic	*ada, adaada	·to grate, scrape
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*[qØ]aza	grind (Geraghty 1983)
Fijian	yaca, yaca-a	to grate, grind
Sa’a	sata-[a’i]	to chafe, rub
Bugotu	aaha	to grate, rub down on a stone
Arosi	ata, ata-i	to scrape, rub

PMc *a[sS]e jaw, chin

Trukese	#eet, #eti-n	c., chin of
Puluwatese	yáát	·jaw, chin
Saipan Carolinian	áát, áte-l	·jaw, chin
Satawalese	yáát	·jaw, chin
Woleaian	yaate, yate-li	·jaw, chin
Pulo-Annan	yaate, yate-	·jaw, chin
Sonsorolese	yaate	·jaw, chin
Proto-Chuukic	*ate	·jaw, chin
Marshallese	hat-(laḷ)	lower jaw
	hat-(léŋ)	upper jaw
Kiribati	are-(i-eta)	upper set of teeth
	are-(i-nano)	lower set of teeth
Proto-Oceanic	*qase	·jaw, chin (Ross 1988)
Sa’a	sasate	·jaw, chin
Kwaio	late	·jaw, chin
Bugotu	ahe, atheathe	breathe
Proto-Kimbe	*haze	mouth

Note the expected Trukese forms are *áát, *áti-n.

PMc *asi gallbladder, gall

Trukese	eti-n	gallbladder (Käser 1990:28)
Puluwatese	yáát	spleen, gallbladder
Saipan Carolinian	áát, áti-(l)	gallbladder, his gallbladder
Satawalese	yáát, yáti-(n)	gallbladder, his gallbladder (Bender et al. 1984)
Proto-Chuukic	*yadi	·gallbladder, gall
Ponapeian	εdi	his bile
Mokilese	and	·gallbladder, gall
Pingilapese	ad	bile (Bender et al. 1984)
Marshallese	hati-	gallbladder
Kiribati	ari	gall, gallbladder
Kusaiean	εs	gallbladder

— Cf. —

Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*qas[iu]	·gallbladder, gall
Tongan	‘ahu	gallbladder
Nggela	ahu	gallbladder
Arosi	asu	be angry
	ahu	belly, heart, mind

PCMc *asi spathe, unopened bud

Trukese	#eet, eti-(n)	unopened sheath or pod of a coconut or banana, unopened spathe of
Puluwatese	yát, yáti-(n) [sic]	first stage of formation of certain fruits (as banana), flower (of various taros), spathe (of coconut), bud (of hibiscus), spathe of
Woleaian	yaati, yati-	coconut spathe
	yati	to bear flowers or fruit, to bud
Proto-Chuukic	*yadi	·spathe, unopened bud
Kiribati	ari	coconut spathe

PMc *a[sS]o time

Trukese	ótu-(n), atu-(n)	time of or for (something)
Puluwatese	yoto-(n)	time of, duration of
Saipan Carolinian	ato-(l)	time of
Saipan Carolinian·T	ato-(n)	time of
Woleaian	yato-(li)	time of, at the time when
Proto-Chuukic	*yado-	·time
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*qazo	sun, day (Geraghty 1983)
Tongan	‘aho	day
Sa’a	sato	sun, sunshine
Bugotu	aho	sun
Lau	saso	sun
Arosi	ato-(aa)	noon (lit. high sun)
Proto-Kimbe	*hazo	sun, day
Uraustronesisch	*qa(n)jaw	day, sun

— Cf. —

Kiribati

aro, (te)-aroaro

custom, way, manner

Cf. Proto-Micronesian *alo ‘sun’.

PMc *a[sS]u smoke

Trukese	éét, étú-(n)	smoke, smoke of
	ét, étúwét	to smoke, be smoky
	(a)-atú	to smoke or steam (something)
Mortlockese	éét, étú-(n)	smoke, smoke of
	εtiyet	smoky
Puluwatese	yaat	smoke
	yatiyat, yatúyat	smoke foam, be smoky, be foam-coated
Saipan Carolinian	(araa-lú)-út	smell of smoke
	(bʷa)-at	smoky
	(bʷa)-atiyat	be smoking lightly
Satawalese	yátúyát	smoky
Woleaian	yatú	to splash water, dash water about
	(gera)-atú	be smoky, foggy
	(gera)-atúyetú	mist, dust, fog, cloud
Pulo-Annan	(bʷ)-atú [sic]	be smoky
Proto-Chuukic	*adú	·smoke
Ponapeian	adi	its vapor, smoke, mist
	εdiεd	cloudy, blurred, smoky
Marshallese	(bʷa)-hathat	to smoke
	hatiytiy	to smoke, dry fish or copra by heat
Kiribati	(bʷe)-ari	odor of smoke; odoriferous; fragrant from having been smoked [as in magic rites], scorched, having a scorched smell
	ari-(a)	to inhale a smoky inhalation; to perfume someone or something
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*qazu	smoke (Geraghty 1983)
Proto-Polynesian	*qahu	·smoke
Sa’a	sásu, sá’usesu	·smoke
Ulawan	saisesu	·smoke
Bugotu	ahu	·smoke
Lau	sasu	·smoke
Arosi	asu-[na]	its smoke
	asu-’a	smoky
	sasu	cloudy, smoky
Proto-Oceanic	*qasu	·smoke (Ross 1988)
Uraustronesisch	*qasu(h)	·smoke

— Cf. —

Kwaio

lasu

smoke

See also Marck (1994:324) Proto-Micronesian *asu.

PMc *aSiŋi kind of crab

Mokilese	aadiŋ	crab sp. (loan from Marshallese?)
Marshallese	hatiŋ	brown land crab
Kusaiean	εiŋ	coconut crab

PMc *ata upper part, top

Trukese	aas	upper part, top, summit, eastern side
	asa-(n)	its upper s., above him
	-yas, -ya	high, east
Mortlockese	-yas	up, east
Puluwatese	yáh	be tall, high, upper, easterly
	yeho-(n), yaaha-(n)	above (something)
	yeyah	be easterly
Saipan Carolinian	-as	high, on top
Satawalese	yáás	top, on land
	-yas	up, east
Woleaian	-yase	up, upside
	(i)-yate	above, topside
Proto-Chuukic	*yata	·upper part, top
Ponapeian	yyasa-(da)	to be risen
Marshallese	-yéj	(suffix in place names) upper, eastern
Kiribati	(i)-eta	up, on high, above
	ata-(ŋa)	an upper plank in a canoe
	(ao)-ataata	beach above the high water line
Kusaiean	yat	eastern part of a village
	(fʌlʷ)-εt	high, lofty
Proto-Oceanic	*qatas	summit (Ross 1988)
Arosi	[ato]-aa	noon [lit. high sun]
Proto-Nakanai	*-ata	up
Uraustronesisch	*qa(n)tas	·upper part, top

— Cf. —

Sa’a

’a’a

rise up clear (of the moon)

See Marck (1994:323) Proto-Micronesian *ata.

PMc *ata-i- to know

Ponapeian	εsε	to know, understand (something)
	(sε)-εsε	to not know
Mokilese	(je)-ejɔ	to be ignorant of, not to know (something) (Bender et al. 1984)
Marshallese	(j)-ahjéy	not know
Kiribati	ata-i	to know, have knowledge
	ata-a	know (something)
Kusaiean	etʌ	know, understand (something)
	eta-(twen)	understanding, kind, sympathetic, helpful
	(se)-eta-(twen)	not understanding, not perceiving

PCMc (?) *atarei child

Marshallese	hajriy	child, kid, toddler
Kiribati	ataei	child, children

Cf. Proto-Micronesian *tari ‘child’.

PMc *ate liver

Trukese	yááyá	·liver
Mortlockese	wáá-(n) [sic]	his liver
Puluwatese	yááyá	·liver
Saipan Carolinian	áse-(l)	his liver
Satawalese	yááyáá-(n)	his liver
Woleaian	yaase, yase-	·liver
Pulo-Annan	yaade, yade-	·liver
Sonsorolese	yaade	·liver
Proto-Chuukic	*yate	·liver
Ponapeian	εε	his liver
Mokilese	ɔj, ɔjɔ	liver, his liver
Marshallese	yaj	liver, spleen
Kiribati	ato	(the o is unexpected)
Kusaiean	εs, esyε-(l)	liver, his liver
Proto-Oceanic	*qate	·liver (Ross 1988)
Fijian	ate	·liver
Proto-Polynesian	*qate	·liver
Sa’a	sae	heart, mind, chest, liver
Bugotu	ate	·liver
Arosi	sae	mind, heart, thought, liver of a pig
Kwaio	sae-[founa]	·liver
Proto-Kimbe	*hate	·liver
Uraustronesisch	*qatay	·liver

PMc *atu tuna, bonito

Trukese	éwún	tuna, albacore
Puluwatese	yawúúl [sic]	·tuna, bonito
Saipan Carolinian	asúl-(lé)	small sp. of tuna
Saipan Carolinian·T	asúl-(léy)	a small sp. of tuna
Satawalese	yaas	·tuna, bonito (Bender et al. 1984)
Woleaian	yaúle	·tuna, bonito
Proto-Chuukic	*atú, atúla	·tuna, bonito
Marshallese	hajiy-(lewwed)	school of bonito trapped in a lagoon
Kiribati	ati	·tuna, bonito
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*qatu	·tuna, bonito
Fijian	yatu	·tuna, bonito
Bugotu	atu	·tuna, bonito
Sa’a	sáu	·tuna, bonito
Kwaio	sau	·tuna, bonito
Proto-Oceanic	*qatun	·tuna, bonito

The *l of the Proto-Chuukic reconstruction depends entirely on the Puluwatese and Saipan Carolinian·T forms, which may result from loans.

PMc *aTo thatch

Trukese	óós, ósu-(n)	thatch section, roof, thatch section of
	ósu-ni, óssu-ni	to thatch, apply thatch to (a house)
Mortlockese	yóós	thatch roof
Puluwatese	yóóh, yóho-(n), yeho-(n)	·thatch
Saipan Carolinian	óós	thatch
	óse-(y)	to thatch (something)
Saipan Carolinian·T	óóh	·thatch
Satawalese	yóós, yóso-	roof
Woleaian	yaaso, yaso-	·thatch
Pulo-Annan	yaado, yado-	thatch, roof
Sonsorolese	yaado	·thatch
Proto-Chuukic	*yaTo	·thatch
Ponapeian	ɔɔs	ivory nut palm (a source of thatch)
Mokilese	ɔj	thatch, roof
Pingilapese	ɔs	dry pandanus leaves used for thatch
Marshallese	haj	thatch
Kiribati	ato	thatch
Proto-Oceanic	*qato	·thatch
Proto-Polynesian	*qato	thatch
Sa’a	sa’o	sago palm
Bugotu	ato	sago palm, sago thatch
Lau	sao	sago palm, thatch
Arosi	ao	sago palm
West Nakanai	hato	sago palm, thatch
Proto-Austronesian	*qatep	sago thatch (Ross 1988)

PMc *-au me (suffixed object pronoun)

Trukese	-yey, -yeyi-, -wey, -weyi-	·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Saipan Carolinian	-yáy	·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Woleaian	-yai	·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Pulo-Annan	-ei	·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Proto-Chuukic	*-ai	·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Ponapeian	-yε	·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Marshallese	yéh	·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Kiribati	-au	·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Kusaiean	-yʌ	·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Proto-Oceanic	*-au	·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Fijian	-au	·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Arosi	-au	·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Sa’a	-áu	·me (suffixed object pronoun)
Proto-Kimbe	*-au	·me (suffixed object pronoun)

PCMc *au- appearance, condition, shape

Trukese	éwú-	width, thickness
	éwú-(chik)	slender, narrow, thin
Puluwatese	yawú-	physical characteristic
	yawú-(Rik)	be physically small
	yawú-(RiRRik)	be thin
Saipan Carolinian	ai-(shigh)	be thin, skinny, slender
Saipan Carolinian·T	ai-(Rig)	be thin, skinny, slender
Satawalese	yaú-(chchán)	atmosphere
Woleaian	yaú-	appearance, condition, shape
	yaú-(shigi)	be skinny, thin, slender, narrow
	yaú-re	size (used with long, thin objects), thickness
	yaú-(chchaali)	atmosphere, weather condition
	yaú-(libongi)	atmospheric condition at night
Pulo-Annan	yaú	air, climate. condition, appearance
	yaú-(siki)	be long, narrow, skinny, thin
	yaú-(lani)	weather, firmament, air
Proto-Chuukic	*yaú-	·appearance, condition, shape
Ponapeian	εy-(paay)	walking with swinging arms
Marshallese	hayi-(dik)	skinny, thin of body
Kiribati	ai-(n-toa)	powerful, of great muscular strength
	ai-(baba)	foolish

This does not seem to be cognate with Proto–Eastern Oceanic *[qØ]aRu ‘dew’ (Geraghty 1990). See also Loans: Trukese éwú-ni-yár.

PMc *aua kind of fish

Puluwatese	yááwúwó-(túr), -(túrú-) [sic]	a lagoon fish much desired for food, probably a milkfish
	yawúwa-(chch), -(chchi-)	kind of small lagoon fish
	yawúwa-(túr), -(túre-)	larger growth stage of latter fish
Satawalese	yawuw	kind of mullet
Woleaian	yaúwe	kind of fish
Kiribati	aua	a fish
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*qaRua	fish, juvenile mullet (Geraghty 1990)

PMc *[ao]ut[ae] blanket, coverlet

Trukese	kuus, kuusa-	-(n)c. or cover of woven material, sheet, b., her c.
Puluwatese	woowúh,woowuhá-(n)	(sic) (?*wowúh) b., sheet, loomed cloth used as a cover
Saipan Carolinian	óus	cover, b., óuse-(y) to cover (s.o.)
Saipan Carolinian·T	óuh	cover, b.
Woleaian	gouse	lavalava that covers a dead person, covering
Proto-Chuukic	*kout[ae]	·blanket, coverlet
Marshallese	kawaj, kawje-	b., b. of (poss. classifier), kawajwéj use a b.
Kusaiean	kæot	c., b., sheet. Note that Kir (te)-kouti small mat worn over the shoulders appears to be loan from English coat

PMc *awo fishline

Trukese	óó, óó-	·fishline
Puluwatese	yóó	·fishline
Saipan Carolinian	yóó	·fishline
Satawalese	yóó	·fishline
Woleaian	yóó, yóó-	·fishline
Pulo-Annan	yaawo, yawo-	·fishline
Proto-Chuukic	*yawo	·fishline
Mokilese	o	·fishline
Marshallese	yew	·fishline
Kiribati	ao	·fishline
Kusaiean	æ	·fishline
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*afo	·fishline
Proto-Polynesian	*afo	·fishline

PMc *ayu, ayuSa current

Trukese	éwút, éwúta-	current
	éwú-(rá), éwú-(wé)	river or brook
Puluwatese	yawút	current
Woleaian	yaute	current
Proto-Chuukic	*yaú, yaúda	·current
Ponapeian	aad	·current
Mokilese	aad	·current
Marshallese	hayey, hayét	·current
Kiribati	aira	·current
Kusaiean	yɔ	gush
Proto–Eastern Oceanic	*qaRu[cs]	·current (Geraghty 1990)
Uraustronesisch	*qaRus.	·current