PMc *-a him, her, it (object pronoun)
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PMc *-a, -Ta reality mode marker (suffixed to subject pronoun)
Problems here.
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PCMc *aa-, aa-ni- alienable object (with possessive suffix), acquire an alienable object
— Cf. —
Fijian | kaa | thing |
Uraustronesisch | *kaya | possession |
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PMc (?) *ae₁ crawl
— Cf. —
Proto-Oceanic | *jaRa | move, creep, flow, spill (Ross 1988) |
Kwaio | tala-(fafo) | shallow, swim close to the surface |
| tala-[ŋe’enia] | arrive at a place, wash up |
Cf. Proto–Central Micronesian *afe ‘swim’.
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PMc (?) *ae₂ this
— Cf. —
Kiribati | are | who, which, that yonder |
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PMc *afaŋi north
Cf. Kusaiean epaŋ glossed as ‘south’ in dictionary looks like a loan (p unexpected, see Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic *aúrú ‘south’). Cf. Marck’s (1994:310–323) Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic *faŋi ‘dry season’.
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PMc *afara shoulder
There appears to have been corruption of the word for ‘shoulder carrying pole’ and its reinterpretation as ‘shoulder’ in Mortlockese, Puluwatese, and Saipan Carolinian.
— Cf. —
Kusaiean | pælpæl | carry on the shoulder |
| polo-ŋ | carry (something) on the shoulders with a pole |
Arosi | abara | carry under the arm |
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PCMc *afe swim
— Cf. —
Kiribati | uaua | swim |
Samoan | ’a’au | swim |
Cf. Proto-Micronesian *ae₁ ‘crawl’.
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PMc *afi, afi-Si- carry on the hip or under the arm
— Cf. —
Marshallese | habʷ jayjéy | carry tucked under one arm |
Bugotu | achi | carry under the arm |
— Cf. also —
Proto–Eastern Oceanic | *[qØ]afi-ŋa | armpit |
Cf. Proto-Chuukic *api.
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PMc *afi₂ pull on a line
— Cf. —
Marshallese | hayik | tow (as a boat), pull, draw |
| hayik-ey | tow something |
Kiribati | aa-i | to tow |
| aeae-a | to tow, drag (something) |
| aeae-a | a towing |
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PMc *-aki passive suffix
Reflexes of this suffix that have been recorded for Trukese (see examples under Proto-Micronesian *-aki-ni below) all have it followed by reflexes of *-ni. See the statement about Trukese -ási (-esi) in Goodenough and Sugita 1980.
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PWMc (?) *aki, akiaki to hide, hidden
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PMc *-aki-ni passive suffix
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PMc *ako, akoako steer a boat
— Cf. —
Marshallese | kahyiyekʷ, kahiyewekʷ | steer directly for |
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PMc *ala₁ path, road
— Cf. —
Proto–Eastern Oceanic | *zala | path (Geraghty 1983) |
Proto-Oceanic | *salan | path (Ross 1988) |
Fijian | sala | ·path, road |
Proto-Polynesian | *hala | ·path, road |
Sa’a | tala | ·path, road |
Bugotu | hatha [utu] | a way |
Lau | tala | way, path |
Arosi | tara [na] | ·path, road |
Kwaio | tala | ·path, road |
Proto-Kimbe | *dala, zala | ·path, road |
Proto-Austronesian | *Zalan | ·path, road |
See also Marck (1994:321) Proto-Micronesian *ala.
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PMc *ala₂ to take, get
— Cf. —
Marshallese | haley | provisions, storehouse |
| haḷey | fish caught by encircling |
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PMc *ala[iu], alala[iu] long
— Cf. —
Ponapeian | aŋεd | long, tall |
Kusaiean | loes | long, tall |
| loeloes | very long or tall |
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PCMc *ale kind of coral
Cf. Proto–Central Micronesian *laxa ‘kind of coral’ and Proto-Micronesian ? *laZe ‘kind of coral’.
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PMc *alele to reckon, sing
— Cf. —
Fijian | lele | dirge |
Arosi | are, areare | call on a ghost |
Kwaio | lala, lale | make rustling noises |
— Cf. also —
Bugotu | sale | to sing, a song |
| sale a | to sing (something) |
There is no basis for relating Kiribati anene to Proto–Eastern Oceanic *taReRe ‘rejoice’, as suggested by Geraghty (1990). Cf. also Proto–Pohnpeic-Chuukic ? *kaúlú ‘sing, song’ and Proto-Chuukic *alle ‘count, enumerate’. There may be two different roots here.
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PWMc *-ali, -aliali, mʷa-aliali circle, circling, dizzy
— Cf. —
Sa’a | káli | to surround |
| kálikeli | around |
Lau | gali | round, around |
Kwaio | gali | circle, round, around |
See also Proto-Chuukic *ka-falli ‘be careful of, attend to’, Proto-Chuukic *mʷaali ‘confused, mistaken’.
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PMc *ali-maŋo mangrove crab
Cf. Kusaiean εi ‘crab’ where we would expect *εl.
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PMc *al[iu]ta beard
Note Pulo-Annan d instead of expected t, there may be a problem here.
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PMc *alo sun
Yapese yaal’ ‘sun’ is probably a loan from Ulithian. See also Proto-Chuukic *yalle-pʷuta ‘a tree (Pittosporum)’ and cf. Proto-Chuukic *yaado ‘legendary woman’, Proto-Micronesian *a[sS]o ‘time’.
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PMc *alo, aloalo, alo-[fØ]i to wave, beckon
— Cf. —
Lau | salo-fi | to prepare, clear a path, sweep |
The Mokilese form appears to be a loan from Marshallese.
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PCMc *amata undercooked, raw
— Cf. —
Kusaiean | (tæl) mwek, (tæk) mwek | raw, uncooked |
— Cf. also —
Proto-Oceanic | *mataq | ·undercooked, raw (Ross 1988) |
Proto-Polynesian | *mata | ·undercooked, raw |
Kwaio | ma’a | ·undercooked, raw |
Uraustronesisch | *ma(n)taq, *mentaq | ·undercooked, raw |
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PCMc *amʷa pertaining to nurture
— Cf. —
Fijian | yaga | useful, valuable, necessary |
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PMc (?) *[aØ]mʷi, [aØ]mʷi ni to wash ones hands
There may be loans here.
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PCMc *amʷii bunch or cluster of nuts
Could be loans in Ponapeian and Pingilapese from Kiribati.
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PMc *aneane to wish, need
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PMc *anitu god, spirit
— Cf. —
See also Proto-Chuukic *faúrú-anútú ‘recite a spell’.
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PMc *anu[sS]a small, uninhabited island
— Cf. —
Uraustronesisch | *nusa | island |
Cf. also Proto-Micronesian *fanua ‘inhabited land’, and Marck’s (1994:307) *anu[sz]a ‘small island’.
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PMc *aŋa₁ to have or take in hand, to handle
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PMc *aŋa₂ or *yaŋa spider shell (Strombidae)
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PMc *aŋi, aŋiaŋi wind
See also Marck (1990:310) Proto-Micronesian *aŋi.
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PMc *aŋo curcuma, turmeric, ginger, yellow
— Cf. also —
West Nakanai | lagu | yellow face paint |
— and cf. —
Sa’a | saosaola | yellow |
| aro | wild ginger |
Kwaio | sa’o | a tree with sweet smelling yellow flowers |
Cf. Proto-Micronesian *reŋa ‘turmeric color’; Proto-Chuukic *yaloyalo.
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PWMc *apara make alignment
— Cf. —
Note that Trukese seems to have reinterpreted this form as having a causative prefix and derived the secondary forms marked # accordingly. The Woleaian and Marshallese forms cannot be understood as having a causative prefix.
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PMc *ara-mata person, people
See Proto-Micronesian *mata, ara-mata ‘person, people’.
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PMc *are, are-ki haul, pull, tow
The following forms would indicate a low stem vowel instead, as Proto-Micronesian *ara:.
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PCMc *ar[eo]ŋu coconut cream, scraped coconut meat
— Cf. —
Marshallese | yaḷ, yaḷi- | coconut milk |
Kusaiean | elel | coconut milk |
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PMc *ari to scoop up
— Cf. —
Rounding in Marshallese forms unexplained; possible contamination by reflexes of Proto-Micronesian *aru, which are now near homonyms with Marshallese reflexes cited here. Semantics of Saipan Carolinian form help explain possible confusion between these two etyma, Proto-Micronesian *ari and *aru.
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PMc *aro- shore, beach, vicinity
Cf. Proto-Micronesian *Soru- ‘near, beside’.
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PMc *aroŋo a Carangid fish, pompano, skipjack
— Cf. —
Kusaiean | loŋ | a kind of fish |
Tongan | loŋo | a shark |
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PMc *aru, aruaru, aru-ti- to stir
— Cf. —
Mokilese | ɔrrɔr | to dismantle an earth oven |
| ɔri | to dismantle (an earth oven) |
Note that the initial g of the Woleaian garusu is unexpected, unless the form is a misrendering of *(ga)-aru-su with a causative prefix.
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PMc *a[sS]a to grate, scrape
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PMc *a[sS]e jaw, chin
Note the expected Trukese forms are *áát, *áti-n.
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PMc *asi gallbladder, gall
— Cf. —
Proto–Eastern Oceanic | *qas[iu] | ·gallbladder, gall |
Tongan | ‘ahu | gallbladder |
Nggela | ahu | gallbladder |
Arosi | asu | be angry |
| ahu | belly, heart, mind |
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PCMc *asi spathe, unopened bud
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PMc *a[sS]o time
— Cf. —
Kiribati | aro, (te)-aroaro | custom, way, manner |
Cf. Proto-Micronesian *alo ‘sun’.
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PMc *a[sS]u smoke
— Cf. —
See also Marck (1994:324) Proto-Micronesian *asu.
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PMc *ata upper part, top
— Cf. —
Sa’a | ’a’a | rise up clear (of the moon) |
See Marck (1994:323) Proto-Micronesian *ata.
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PCMc (?) *atarei child
Cf. Proto-Micronesian *tari ‘child’.
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PMc *atu tuna, bonito
The *l of the Proto-Chuukic reconstruction depends entirely on the Puluwatese and Saipan Carolinian·T forms, which may result from loans.
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PMc *-au me (suffixed object pronoun)
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PCMc *au- appearance, condition, shape
This does not seem to be cognate with Proto–Eastern Oceanic *[qØ]aRu ‘dew’ (Geraghty 1990). See also Loans: Trukese éwú-ni-yár.
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PMc *[ao]ut[ae] blanket, coverlet
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